Production of Second-Generation Biofuels from Palm Wastes

1. Production of Second-Generation Biofuels from Palm Wastes Shinichi Yano Biomass Technology Research Center, National Institute for Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Japan

2. Biofuels Any fuels produced from biomass can be called biofuels, but recently, most of interests are focused on liquid biofuels for automobiles. According to the differences of engines, totallydifferent properties are required for biofuels. ●Biodiesel fuel (BDF) for diesel engines 　　　　　　　　　　　　 →　High cetane number is required. ●Ethanol for Otto cycle engines. (engines for gasoline) →High octane number is required.

3. What should be feedstock for liquid biofuels? The present feedstock : Starch, or sugars for ethanol Vegetable oil, or animal fats for BDF First-generation biofuels (Converted by conventional technologies) Problems 1. Competition with food usage (supplies and costs) 2. Bumper crops or poor harvest →instability 3. Can be real energy production? → LCA analysis is necessary.

4. Feedstock for the future Resources not for food or feed use. Lignocellulosic biomass (Wood wastes, Agricultural residues, Energy crops) Second-generation biofuels ●Cellulosic ethanol ●BTL（Biomass to Liquid) diesel fuels However, several technological barriers exist for the production of Second-generation biofuels Further R & D’s are required.

5. Two major technological barriers for the ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass CHO Cellulose ・Crystalline ・Difficult to hydrolyze Efficient and low-cost technologies are required. HOH Hydrolyzed product　　　　　　　 →D-glucose Easily fermented to ethanol with conventional systems OHH HOH HOH CH２OH Hydrolyzed products　　　　　 →mainly D-xylose Pentose sugars cannot be metabolized by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Technologies to overcome this problem are required. CHO Hemicellulose ・ Amorphous ・ Relatively easy to hydrolyze HOH OHH HOH CH２OH Lignin

6. Scheme for ethanol production from lignocellulose Lignocellulosic biomass Pretreatments Acid hydrolysis Enzymatic saccharification Fermentation Distillation/Purification Ethanol ETBE

7. Technologies of AIST for pretreatments of lignocellulosic biomass Hot-Compressed-Water Treatment ・ Separation of lignocellulosic components ・ Saccharification of hemicellulose Mechanical Milling Treatment ・ Pulverize to fine particles ・ Change strurcture of cellulose →Increasing reactivity of enzymes

8. Glucose yields from pretreated eucalyptus powder after enzymatic saccharification

9. O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O Enzymatic saccharification Cellulase: consists of three kinds of enzymes Synergetic effects of three enzymes are observed. Endoglucanase 　　（for amorphous region）Exoglucanase 　　（for crystalline region） β-glucosidase (produce glucose） 　　･･････ ････････ 　　･･････ ････････ For the cost reduction of cellulase ●Appropriate pretreatments ●Selection of enzymes and combination of enzymes ●On-site production of enzymes

10. AIST original cellulase: Acremoniumcellulase Acremonium cellulolyticus : A fungi isolated from soil in Japan by Takashi Yamanobe, AIST, in 1982 Industrially produced by Meiji Seika Co. LTD., mainly for silage preparation Acremoniumcellulase has higher β-glucosidase activity thanTrichoderma cellulase. suitable for ethanol production The research for elevating enzyme productivity is underway.

11. Improvement of enzyme productivitiy by mutation FPU Parental strain Mutant 200% 100% b-glucosidase CMCase Avicelase Enzyme activities /ml of cultures

12. Sugar yields from BM-treated wood powder after enzymatic saccharification

13. Sugar yield (g/g dry materials) 4FPU/g 40FPU/g Composition 4FPU/g 40FPU/g Composition Saccharification rate: Glucose 57%, Xylose 72% Glucose 42%, Xylose 42% Sugar yields from BM-treated palm-trunk and EFB fiber after enzymatic saccharification (4 or 40FPU/g)

14. New biodiesel fuels (1) Hydro-treated biodiesel RCOO-CH2 3RCOOCH3 (BDF) + Glycerol +3CH3OH RCOO-CH RCOO-CH2 Triglycerides +12H2 +３H2~+15H2 Dehydration Decarboxylation 3CO2 or 3CH4 ３R-H ３R-CH3 H2O CH3-CH2-CH3 CH3-CH2-CH3 Hydro-treated biodiesel

15. Property of hydro-treated biodiesel Higher cetane number, higher stability, better quality, than FAME data from Nippon Oil Co. Ltd

16. Purification New biodiesel fuels (2) Biomass to Liquid (BTL) CO, H2 (100～400℃） Biomass CO, H2 tar，S gasification ～900℃ FTsynthesis ● Diesel fuels from lignocellulosic biomass ●High quality, high cetane number

17. AIST’s bench-scale BTL production plant AIST Chugoku (Kure, Hiroshima) Biomass Technology Research Center AIST has constructed bench-scale BTL production plant and started its operation this spring. The BTL production capacity is 1.9L/d.

18. Possible Second-generation Biofuel Production from Palm Wastes Fermentation Oil Palm Purification Wasted Trunk Saccharification Fresh Fruit Bunch Pretreatment Lignocellulosic Biomass ETHANOL Empty Fruit Bunch Gasification BTL Fruit Fiber, Shell Purification Upgrading Crude Palm Oil Palm Kernel FT synthesis

19. Conclusions The first-generation biofuels (BDF and ethanol from sugars or starch ) are used as alternatives of petroleum fuels for automobiles at the present time. There will be problems, however, because their feedstock is also utilized as foods or feeds. To solve those problems, the use of second-generation biofuels produced from lignocellolosic biomass is anticipated. But there are some technical barriers to be overcome to produce them in large quantity with low costs. Further R&D’s are necessary.