Sub-Saharan Africa

1. Sub-Saharan Africa AnuThadavila, Shirley Shum, Melody Yuan, Victoria Lai ☻ Period 5 – AP World

2. 8000 BCE - 600 CE Political- • unique urbanism in Jenne-Jeno society • Collection of individual communities • Not hierarchically organized • Early clan-based societies headed by chiefs Economics- • Early Bantu people settled along river banks (canoes) • Cultivation of yam, oil palms, millets, surghum. Raised goats and guinea fowls • Frequent trade with forest peoples and hunter-gatherers Religion- • Chiefs in Bantu villages performed religious rituals • Generally monotheistic • Sudanic people’s belief in one divine force that represents good and evil. • Niger-Congo people follow suit in the belief of Nymba

3. Society- • Jenne-Jeno- first city in Sub-saharan Africa • Small fishing village (250 BCE) • Reached urban-sized (400 C.E) Interaction- • Reasons for migration: overpopulation, environmental changes) • Sahara became too dry to live in. • 1500 BCE- farmers from the Niger and Benue River valleys in West Africa migrate South and East Bantu languages also spread. • Migration over the next 2000 years. Art- • Pottery, stone axes (trade) • After 1000 BCE- Bantu migrations quickened with the use of iron tools better agriculture rapid population growth spread of metallurgy throughout Sub-Saharan Africa

4. Change & Continuity • Frequent cultural interaction and mingling. • Different communities borrowed elements from others religious beliefs spread to new communities in the wake of population movements. • Changing religious beliefs reflects widespread interactions of African societies • Continuous migrations of Bantu people from 1500 BCE about 500 C.E • By 1000 CE, Bantu-speaking people occupied most of Africa south of the equator. • Over centuries, languages differentiated into 500 distinct and related tongues. • Today, more than 90 million people speak Bantu languages. • Collectively constitute the most prominent family of languages in Sub-Saharan Africa.

5. 600 C.E. - 1450 Political – • stateless societies • Kush Kingdom or Nubia ("Land of Gold") • Axum Kingdom • Ghana or Wagadou Empire (about 800 - 1000 CE) • Mali Empire (about 1200-1450 CE) • -Mansa MusaSonghay Empire or Songhai Empire (early 15th - late 16th century) • -Sonni Ali Economic- • trade increased (Africa has lots of gold) • Ruling elite and and merchant classes convert to Islam for facilitating political/economic relationships • gold salt trade (Ghana) Religious- • Christianity(4th century) • Islam (7th century) • jihad (Ghana) • Mansa Musa's hajj

6. Social – • conversion to Islam: Ruling elite and merchant classes • patriarchal • Slavery increase Interactions- • Swahili Coast = Indian Ocean Trade • trans Saharan Trade Achievements (art/architecture) • Oral literature • Benin culture (bronzing sculpting technique)

7. Change & Continuity • Islam and Christianity • growth of trade interactions (Trans Saharan Trade and Indian Ocean Trade) • trade led to wealth • slavery • integrated their indigenous beliefs into new religions • continued practice of traditional customs (oral literature)

8. 1450-1750 Political- • largest imperial expansion; rule through concessionary companies (privately owned) • S. Africa colonized by Dutch in mid-1600s– “Afrikaners Boers”, result of Boer War and Great Trek • late 16th century: Songhay (Songhai) empire in northwest Africa Economics- • Economic system of mercantilism with private companies under charter from government carry out trade– African Slave Trade* • Europe carries hardware, guns, and Indian cotton to Africa, bring plantation goods from Africa back to Europe • Risks of Trading: shipwrecks, slave deaths, and piracy could turn profit into loss. • Dutch East India Company sets up post in South Africa (1650s) Religious- • Islam and Christianity continue to be melded with culture

9. Social- • decrease of slavery means no laborers , thus : • * The African Slave Trade/Triangular Trade/Great Circuit • Forced mass displacement of African populations • Middle Passage– terrifying journey towards slavery; sold to work on sugar, tobacco, or coffee plantations or in mines Interaction- • African Diaspora: term used to describe the spread of people of African descent throughout the Americas and Western Europe as a result of the slave trade

10. Change & Continuity • African societies are turned upside down– mass displacement “African Diaspora” • Africans are not considered people, but “property”– at the end of the social hierarchy • Religion remains strong • Trade interactions are at its peak– slavery is highly valued in the Americas (Spanish and Portuguese plantations)

11. 1750-1914 Political • Atlantic Slave trade through the Middle Passage- many died from malnutrition and disease. • Portuguese colony in Angola (first European colony in Sub- Saharan Africa) • British takeover of the Cape Town during the Napoleonic Wars encouraged further Afrikaner expansion into South Africa. • Boer War between the Europeans and Afrikaners- fight over rights to resources (gold and diamonds) in Africa • British won in the war, so they had the Berlin Conference • Berlin Conference- discussion between the European powers of how to divide Africa ("scramble for Africa") • Justification: "civilizing mission" , spreading Christianity, and more commerce and trade in Africa • Some colonies under direct rule. Britain's colonies are under indirect rule.

12. Religion: • Islam and Christianity attracted increasing interest in Sub-Saharan Africa. • Blending of Islam and Christianity with African customs. Social- • Slave trade abolished in many European nations during the early 1800's, but slavery itself was abolished only in the mid-1800's. • Britain was the first to abolish slavery. (1883) • Many slave revolts had to take place in order for the abolition to take place -> Olaudah Equiano ( wrote a book about his experience as a slave) • Islamic slave trade-> forced people into servitude. Triangular trade. • Those who controlled more slaves accumulated more wealth and prestige.

13. Change & Continuity • Abolition of slavery due to many revolts. • European colonization of all of Africa. • Blending of African customs with Islam and Christianity. • Islam and Christianity is still practiced throughout this time period despite the fact that African customs are added. • Europeans continue to exploit the land of all its resources such as gold and diamonds. • Despite the fact that all of Africa is colonized and many are enslaved, Africans continued to maintain their tribal identity through their music, dances, and beliefs.

14. 1914-Present Political- • South Africa becomes a republic (1961) • F.W. de Klerk became president of South Africa (1989) and started dismantling apartheid. • Klerk releases Mandela from prison and they legalize the African National Congress and write a constitution • April 1994- elections open to all races and Mandela becomes the first black president of South Africa •  Mbeki- present president who makes South Africa the most stable, prosperous and industrialized nation in Africa. • Decolonization varied -Algerians fought against France (1954-1962) • Ghana negotiated (like Parliamentary governing style in England) • Kenya (Jomo Kenyatta) negotiated the constitutions w/ Great Britain • Angola and Belgain Congo overthrew colonial gov't • Zimbabwe estrablish majority rule (1980,last) • Independence is difficult • few resources (majority = uneducated) • ethnic and nationalities: boundaries • attempts at stable democracies

15. Economics- • South African economy is the strongest in Africa • Foreign debt owed to Western Nations • Organization of African Unity (OAU) replaced by African Union • rich in natural resources (e.g. petroleum and metals) Religious- • religious strife leads to conflict Interactions- • civil wars are rampant • NGOs (nongovernmental organizations) • globalization

16. Social- • Apartheid (“separateness”) in South Africa (1948) created by Afrikaner National Party • Nelson Mandela creates and leads African National Congress -organization whose goal = abolish apartheid. • Protests increase in 1960 • Sharpeville Massacre – whites gun down the peaceful black protesters ; Mandela is imprisoned for 27 years. • HIV/AIDS Pandemic (1980s-) • Rapid growth population and food shortages • Pan-Africanism • Tutsi vs. Hutu (Rwanda) • -Juvenal Habyarimana

17. Change & Continuity • end of hegemony (decolonized and no longer directly oppressed by colonial powers) • NGO provide some relief to Africa • slavery and rascism is less prominent • ethnic and religious borders remain as an issue

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