Emerging Re-emerging Diseases

1. Emerging Re-emerging Diseases .

2. INTRODUCTION • Disease burden is colossal • Cause heavy mortality, disability and economic loss • Result in widespread epidemics • Immense suffering to the man kind • Disturb International trade and economic development

3. DEFINITION • Emerging infectious diseases are “New diseases; new problem (New threats)”. • An emerging infectious disease is a one that is caused by a newly discovered infectious agent or by a newly identified variant of a known pathogen, which has emerged and whose incidence in humans has increased during the last two decades and is threatening to increase in the near future.

4. Cont…. • Re-emerging infectious diseases are “old diseases, new problem. (New threats)”. • A re-emerging infectious disease is a one which was previously controlled but once again has risen to be a significant health problem. This term also refers to that disease which was formerly confined to one geographic area, has now spread to other areas.

5. Transmission of communicable diseases Agent of Vector Contact Indirect Agents Human Direct contact • Number ofagents • Characteristics of agents • Pathogenicity • Defense mechanisms • Immunity • Personal characteristics

6. Host Reaction Infectious agents Enter human host Producesinapparent infectionHost recovery Mild diseaseHost fights or with treatment Severe diseasewith treatment Disability Death

7. The Factors Responsible • Improper planning of the township • Population explosion • Poor living conditions • Over crowding • Industrialization • Urbanization • Lack of health care services • Migration of population • Intense international travel • Globalization

8. Cont… • Indiscriminate use of antibiotics and development of resistance • Increase in contact with animals • Insecticide resistance • Alterations in micro-organisms • Environmental degradation with changing weather pattern. • Illiteracy and ignorance • Natural disasters

9. Predisposing Factors for the Epidemic • Before the on set of epidemic • Earth quake (Gujarath-1993) • During the epidemic • Migration of the people • Eruption of slums • Collection of garbage • Scarcity of antibiotics

10. Emerging Diseases in India and Global • Diseases due to new agents (Eg.AIDS) • Diseases due to new variants of known pathogens (Eg.Avian Flu) • Diseases caused by an infectious agent but resulting in non-communicable diseases. (Eg.Hep.C results in liver cancer)

11. Global examples of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases

12. Examples of new and Reemerging Diseases

13. Emerging Food borne water borne disease • Accounts for 20 million cases in the world annually (T.D. Chugh-2008) • Incidence is increasing • Half of all known food borne pathogens discovered during the past 25 years

14. Cont….. Entero hemorrhagic Escherichia coli • Causes no signs of illness • Low infections dose in humans causes hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uraemic syndrome • Consumption of undercooked beef and contaminated vegetables, fruits and water for vegetarians. • Reported in 1.4% of stools from cases of bloody diarrhoea in Kolkata (Ministry of Health and Welfare 2006). • Detection of potential pathogenic O157:H7 in river water (Ganges by Hamner et al 2007) is alarming.

15. Cont…. Vibrio cholerae • Cholera is one of the oldest recorded infectious diseases. • John Snow demonstrated the spread by infected water • Pacini in 1854, first described comma shaped bacteria • Robert Koch in 1883, showed the causative agent V .Cholerae. • Das and Gupta -2005 reported the diversity of V .Cholerae. • Narang et al (2008) described the changing patterns of V .Cholerae.

16. Listeria monocytogenes • Listerosis is an emerging zoonotic disease • 28% deaths due to food borne illnesses in USA • Organism is robust and survive food-processing and contaminated refrigerated meat and dairy products. • In India, Bhujwala et al in 1970 reported the presence of this organism in cervical secretions of 1.3-3% of cases with very bad obstetrical history. • Thomas et al (1981) in a prospective study of 1300 newborns found the pathogen in 2 cases

17. Campylobacter spp • Are significant zoonotic poultry pathogens • Leading cause of gastro enteritis in the world • Around 2.5 million human infections are reported annually in the United States. • In developing countries the presence of the organism was reported in 5-20% in child hood diarrhoea • Jain et al (2005) reported isolation of jejuni in 13.5% of the diarrhoea patients

18. Drug-resistant bacteria • Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in hospitals and community poses a public health problem (Moellering 2007). • Reservoir for resistant genes is the fecal flora and upper respiratory tract • Chugh (2008) reviewed the global status of AMR in various pathogens. • Woodford (2007) has identified the existence of multi resistant clones of common pathogens.

19. Cont…. • Staphylococcus aureus is the “modern Ghengis Khan” (Chugh 2007). the most frequently identified drug-resistant pathogen. • Singhal et al (2007)reported ciprofloxacin-resistant meningococci in an outbreak in Delhi. • Resistance of Salmonella typhi and S. paratyphi to chloramphenicol, ampicillin and cotrimoxazole is widespread. • AMR in Shigella resistance to azithromycin, ceftriaxon and ciprofloxacin on the increase • Rational use of antibacterial to contain AMR

20. Melioidosis • The causative pathogen is Burkholderia pseudomallei • It is an environmental saprophyte in rice paddies, wet soil, mud and pooled surface water. • It causes suppurative chronic infection characterized by septicemia and focal abscesses in liver, spleen and other viscera.

21. Cont…. • Has been documented from Tamilnadu and Karnataka. • The association of the disease with diabetes mellitus is high. • Vidyalakshmi et al (2007) reviewed the disease in India • The first culture proven case in India was a child in Maharashtra in 1990.

22. Chronic and Neoplastic Diseases

23. Cont….

24. Cont…. • Ramakrishna (2006) discussed the high prevalence of H. pylori infection in India. • The high prevalence of resistance to metronidazole, clarithromycin and amoxicillin is the failure to eradicate H. pylori infection. • The resistance is higher in south than north India. • High rate of re infections in Indian subjects (60%). • Chlamydia pneumoniae is associated with pathogenesis of coronary artery disease. (Jha et al 2007).

25. Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases • Controlling the reservoir • Interrupting the transmission • Protecting the susceptible host • Strengthening of the disease surveillance system • Encouraging research initiations for treatmentregimens and diagnostics • Encouraging research for new methods of control measures • Establishment of drug resistance

26. Response to H5N1 avian influenza outbreak in Hong Kong. 

27. Emerging Infectious Diseases: a Research Approach

28. Benefits of Emerging Diseases Research

29. Emerging Diseases Funding (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases).

30. Role of Nurses in Prevention • Increase knowledge and skill • Encourage partnerships with consumers and other disciplines to identify needs, set priorities, develop strategies and evaluate progress • Support health care legislation • Involve in research • Encourage using multidisciplinary efforts. • Influence local and National economic and political options • Continue to advance nursing concern • Educate the public

31. Benefits of Community Prevention Programme • Opportunity to reach the masses and effect widespread changes in social norms • Increased public awareness of and commitment • Increased cost efficiency of group intervention • Ability of the programme to promote the development of an environment of social support • Opportunity of evaluate the effectiveness of health promotion programms • Enhanced approach toward promoting health in large population • Additional resources for information exchange and social support.

32. Role of Public Health Authorities • National programme for prevention and control of vector borne diseases • Legislations for elimination • Communities awareness of the disease • Minimizing transmission of infection: By • Risk communication to the family members • Minimizing vector population • Minimizing vector – individual contact • Reporting to the nearest public health authority

33. Public health measures to prevent infectious diseases • Safe water • Sewage treatment and disposal • Food safety programme • Animal control programme • Vaccination programme • Public health organization

34. Response of the WHO • Developing global and regional strategies • Appointing Task Force • Generous grant from WHO regular budget • Support the World Bank grant

36. Conclusion • The true prevalence of many diseases is not known. Since we live in a global village, we connot afford to be complacent about the tremendous economic, social and public health burden of these diseases. Effective surveillance is the key to their early containment. • There is a need to develop epidemiology improved diagnostic facilities, a strong public health structure, effective risk communication, epidemic preparedness and rapid response.

37. Take Home Massage • Community health is the pivot of Global health. Let us join our hands on creating an awareness to the individual family and community through effective risk communication.