Pupil-centered approaches

1. Pupil-centered approaches

2. Characteristics Methods • High pupil involvement • Emphasis on pupil’s need and interest • Independent learning • Inquiry • Discovery • Problem solving • Creativity

3. Independent Learning

4. Characteristics • Approach: • No teacher • No educational technology • Students teach themselves or each others • Aims: • Find their own resources • Discover and correct learning deficiencies • Monitor their own learning • Self learning and development

5. Strengths • Reduces the pace and pressure of teaching • Teacher can deal with difficult material • Teacher can focus on the others activities • Increases student motivation • Challenging and satisfaction • Student can learn at their preferences • Develops student’s independent learning skills and attitudes • Importance for educational development and progression

6. Weaknesses • Difficult to design tasks • Well resourced • Balanced workload • Students may get stuck or misinterpret the task • Teacher may spend much more time on monitoring • Student does nothing • Student works overloaded

7. How to Use? • As a Component of Any Course • Independent learning Assignment • Task Design • Monitoring • Assessment • Tuning

8. Inquiry

9. How to use? • The identification of a problem through recognition of a contradiction. • Student development of a research objective • Interaction among all participants in the collection of data or information • Shifting or altering of ideas as data are interpreted and hypotheses are tested • The drawing of conclusions or generalizations based on reevaluation of hypotheses

10. Characteristics • New information is found through inquiry in real world. • Self-directed seeking of new knowledge. • Use their innate inquiring behaviors in a wide variety of contexts. • Assume the learner is actively seeking new information. • Brainstorming • Emphasis on process. (Thinking behaviors)

11. Strengths • Helping learners cope with the often vague realities of true-life problems (Kellough & Roberts, 1994) • Including the points of view of others. • Increase confidence to plan a method to solve own problems. • Creative thinking

12. Weaknesses • Elementary classroom limit for seeking information. • Not easy to follow the curriculum mandates. • Lesson procedures must be prepared carefully.

13. Discovery Learners work out the new learning by themselves Example: Compare laser and dot-matrix printer

14. Features • Learners have to • Form in groups • Know background knowledge and techniques • Understand the expectations • Able to achieve the task • Teacher have to • Provide enough guidance

15. Advantages • Develop students • Active, involving, motivating and fun • More likely to remember what they learnt before • High order thinking skills

16. Disadvantages • Slow • No practical for some topics • More difficult for an inexperienced teacher

17. Problem solving

18. Problem solving -- characteristics • Pupils engaged in collecting data, formulating hypotheses to solve problems and issues • The most characteristic feature of problem solving is that it discovers its own weakness and rectifies what is at fault in its procedures. Thus, it is self-correcting.

19. Problem solving -- strengths • Develops pupil initiative and organizing skills • Develops pupil problem solving skill • Gain more knowledge in a subject area

20. Problem solving -- weaknesses • Wasting time because of distractions or non-focused behavior • Abstraction of strategies is less likely with low-achieving and younger students • May be require provision of wide range of resources

21. Problem solving – how to use? • Identifying the problem • Analyzing the problem • Evaluating alternative solutions • Selecting and implementing solution • Obtaining feedback and evaluating the solution

22. Creativity

23. Characteristics • A cognitive tool and it need exercising. • Students should have basic tools and skills. • Students improve knowledge by cumulating ideas. • Teacher helps learners manage whichever are their weaker phases.

24. Strengths • To develop student’s ability to think creatively • To increase motivation • To provide an opportunity to explore feelings and develop skills in self-expression

25. Weaknesses • Time consuming – great ideas almost never come in a flash. • Difficult to control • Variety of students achieves.

26. How to use • Six phases • Inspiration • Clarification • Evaluation • Distillation • Incubation • Perspiration

27. Process • Inspiration • research phase • Uncritical search for ideas • Brainstorming • Clarification • Clarify the purpose or objective of the work

28. Process • Distillation • Self-critical editing phase • Required cool analysis and judgment • Choose the best ideas for further development • Incubation • Occasionally be a few days of inactivity between the phases

29. Process • Perspiration • Produce a first draft • Evaluation • Examine the draft for strengths and weaknesses • Consider how it can be improved * Each phase may be experienced many times in a given piece of work.

30. Conclusion • Independent learning • Self learning and development • Inquiry • Teach problem-solving skills. • Focusing on the process. • Discovery • Teacher have to provide enough guidance

31. Conclusion • Problem solving • Develops organizing skills • Develops problem solving skill • Discovers its own weakness, it is self-correcting • Creativity • Improve idea by cumulating experiences • Emphasis on thinking method

32. Comparison Self-learning oriented & less teacher guidance High Teacher-student interactions