Chapter 22 Returning to Normalcy

1. Chapter 22Returning to Normalcy Mrs. Hauber US History

2. Section 1: Postwar Reaction • Allied Intervention in Russia • Labor Strife • Urban Riots • Bomb Scares • First Red Scare • Prohibition • Women’s Suffrage

3. 1. Allied Intervention in Russia • Alllied Intervention in Russia • March 1917—Czar Nicholas II was overthrown by revolution in Russia • Alexander Kerensky—leader of provisional government of Russia until it fell to the Communists • Lenin—Bolshevick (Communist) leader that overthrew Russia’s government

4. Allied Intervention in Russia (continued) • Bolshevicks took Russia out of WWI • Many American troops stayed in Europe after the armistice of 1918 to fight communism. • Allies aided Russia to fight against the Communists in the “Great Russian Civil War” of 1918-1920 • George Creel created a fear in America against the threat of communism

5. 2. Labor Strife • The government’s truce with labor unions was over • Worker’s now went on strike • Anxious to keep wartime benefits • Threatened by soaring prices • Union violence increased • After many strikes failed, there was a decline in unions in the 1920s

6. 3. Urban Riots • Anti-black feelings grew • Lynching—barbarous act of a mob that hanged a person without the right to do so. • “The Red Summer”—summer of 1919 that was marked by an increase in racial tension

7. Urban Riots(continued) • There were over 25 race riots • Worst riot was in Chicago • Mitchell Palmer—Attorney General who feared communists were everywhere. • Palmer raids

8. 4. Bomb Scares • Mayor Ole Hanson—receives bomb in the mail • Senator Hardwick—received package and maid had her hands blown off • Bomb went off on wall street killing 38 people

9. 5. Mitchell Pursues Bolshevicks • In November of 1919, Mitchell had over 250 members of Union of Russian Workers arrested • Ordered Raids on communist meetings • 4000 thrown in jail • 556 deported

10. 6. Fear of Foreigners • Immigration Restriction League—every immigrant must be able to read to be admitted. • Distinction between “new immigrants” and “old immigrants” • Felt that by accepting immigrants, we were committing “race suicide”

11. 7. Immigration Laws • Immigration Act (1921)—set a limit on the number of immigrants per year • National Origins Act (1929) --Reduced quotas based on the natural origin of the people of the US. • Favored Northern and western Europe • Barred all Chinese, Japanese, & other Asians • Canadians and Latin Americans were exempt

12. Warren G. Harding • Publisher of a newspaper • State Senator; US Senator • Isolationist • Chose “best minds” to help in the Presidency • “Ohio Gang”—Harding’s friends (cronies) that used their official position for their own enrichment

13. 2. Foreign Affairs • Harding was against League of Nations • Signed a separate treaty with Germany in July of 1921. • Prevention of a naval arms race

14. 3. Domestic Policies • Recession early on • Asked Congress for higher tariffs, lower taxes, and less government spending. • Emergency Tariff Act (1921)—Raised the rates on agicultural products and was designed to put an end to the downward trend of tariff rates • Fordney-McCumber Tariff—imposed the highest tariff rates in US history

15. 5. The War Debts • Many allied nations put pressure on the US to scale back or cancel war debts. They felt: • Most of the money borrowed was spent in the US • War had been a common cause • It was unlikely they could pay it back anyway (especially with the US’s increase in tariffs) • US came up with separate agreements with each country

16. 6. The Washington Conference • 1st successful disarmament conference where three separate treaties emerged: • Five Powers Treaty—agreed to limit the number of capital ships • Nine powers Treaty—Agreed to observe Open Door Policy in China • Four Powers Treaty—Agreed to protect one another’s possessions in the Pacific

17. 8. Harding Scandals • Veterans Bureau Scandal—Charles Forbes was responsible for the misappropriation of $250 million veteran funds. • Sentenced to two years in prison • Teapot Dome Scandal—Albert Fall secretly leased naval oil reserves to people in return for “loans”. • Convicted of bribery and sentenced to 1 year in prison

18. 7. Harding’s Death • Became aware of scandals • Died of a heart attack • However, it was rumored that he died of food poisoning or suicide

19. Section 3: Keeping Cool with Coolidge • President Coolidge • Election of 1924 • Government Helps Business • Farm Problem • Election of 1928

20. 1. President Coolidge • Mayor • Governor of Massachusetts • “Silent Cal” • Admirer of American Business • Did not believe in government interference (laissez-faire) • Became President when Harding died

21. 2. Election of 1924 • Coolidge (R) • Davis (D) • LaFollette (Progressive) • Coolidge won by an overwhelming majority • His victory was clouded by the death of his youngest son.

22. 3. Economy under Coolidge • Prosperity ensued • National Debt went down • Stock-market boom • Farmers were the exception

23. 4. Government Helps Business • Free enterprise—freedom from government intervention • Regulatory Agencies should only help businesses • FTC, Federal Reserve Board, and Dept. of Commerce promoted fair practices and cooperations among companies

24. Gov’t Helps Business (continued) • Monopolies were formed again • Supreme Court ruled that they were not restraining trade

25. 5. The Farm Problem • Farmers were no longer enjoying wartime prosperity • The more they produced, the less they made • Higher tariffs were not enough • Coolidge vetoed measures intended to bring relief to the farmers

26. 6. McNary-Haugen Bill • Farmers would keep prices the same and the government would buy the surplus • Failed twice in Congress • Passed he third time. • However, Coolidge vetoed it.

27. 7. Election of 1928 • Coolidge chose not to run again • Herbert Hoover (R) • Smith (D) • Smith was a Catholic who favored the repeal of Prohibition • Hoover wins because of his humanitarian record

28. Section 4: Life in the Jazz Age • New Products • Health and Education • Roaring Twenties • Roar of the Factories

29. 1. New Products • Automobile • 1900—very rare • 1918—7 million • New highways and roads • Shopping Centers • First one in Kansas in 1922 • Movies

30. New Products (continued) • Radio • KDKA—first station in Pittsburgh • Broadcast the Harding-Cox Returns • Phonograph • Invented by Edison • Blacks brought jazz and blues north • Duke Ellington. Louis Armstrong, and Bessie Smith • Refrigerator

31. 2. Health and Education • Vaccines • US spent more on education than any other countries put together.

32. 3. “Roaring Twenties” • Speakeasies—illegal bars • Flappers—young women with short hair and short skirts • Music • Sporting Events • Babe Ruth • Boxing Fights • Charles Lindbergh—1st non-stop flight from NY to Paris

33. 4. Roar of the Factory • Frederick Taylor—Father of Scientific Management • Henry Ford—employed the use of the assembly line • Electric conveyer belt • Model T • Car rolled off every 10 seconds!