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Intro 2

Textbook Assignment (pp.753-757). Section 2: Challenging Segregation. How did the Birmingham Chief of Police Eugene “Bull” Conner insure that the Freedom Riders would face violence in Birmingham, Alabama?

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Intro 2

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  1. Textbook Assignment (pp.753-757) Section 2: Challenging Segregation • How did the Birmingham Chief of Police Eugene “Bull” Conner insure that the Freedom Riders would face violence in Birmingham, Alabama? • What role did the President’s brother Robert Kennedy have in the Civil Rights movement? • How did President Kennedy react to the University of Mississippi denying admission to Air Force veteran James Meredith? • In a letter written from a Birmingham jail cell, how did Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. defend the protestors’ right to break the law? Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Intro 2

  2. The Sit-In Movement • In 1960 four African Americans staged a sit-in at a Woolworth’s whites-only lunch counter. • This led to a mass movement for civil rights. (pages 753–754) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 2-5

  3. The Sit-In Movement • Soon sit-ins were occurring across the nation. • Students like Jesse Jackson from North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College felt that sit-ins gave them the power to change things. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 2-5

  4. SNCC • As sit-ins became more popular, it was necessary to choose a leader to coordinate the effort. • Ella Baker, executive director of the SCLC, urged students to create their own organization. • The students formed the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) with Marion Barry, a student leader from Nashville, as their chairperson. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-7

  5. SNCC(cont.) • Robert Moses, an SNCC volunteer from New York, pointed out that most of the civil rights movement was focused on urban areas, and rural African Americans needed help as well. • When they went South, SNCC volunteers had their lives threatened and others were beaten. • In 1964 three SNCC workers were murdered as they tried to register African Americans to vote. (page 754) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-8

  6. SNCC(cont.) • SNCC organizer Fannie Lou Hamer was arrested in Mississippi after encouraging African Americans to vote. • While in jail, she was beaten by police. • Later she helped organize the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party. • She challenged the legality of the segregated Democratic Party at the 1964 Democratic National Convention. (page 754) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-9

  7. The Freedom Riders • In 1961 CORE leader James Farmer asked teams of African Americans and white Americans to travel into the South to integrate bus terminals. (pages 754–755) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-11

  8. The Freedom Riders • The teams became known as Freedom Riders. (pages 754–755) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-11

  9. The Freedom Riders • Violence erupted in several Alabama cities, making national news and shocking many Americans. • President John F. Kennedy was compelled to control the violence. (pages 754–755) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-11

  10. John F. Kennedy and Civil Rights • During John F. Kennedy’s presidential campaign in 1960, he supported the civil rights movement, which resulted in African American votes that helped him narrowly win the race. (pages 755–757) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-13

  11. John F. Kennedy and Civil Rights • Once in office, President Kennedy became cautious on civil rights, realizing that in order to get other programs passed through Congress, he would have to avoid new civil rights legislation. (pages 755–757) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-13

  12. John F. Kennedy and Civil Rights (cont.) • President Kennedy had his brother, Robert F. Kennedy of the Justice Department, actively support the civil rights movement. (pages 755–757) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-14

  13. John F. Kennedy and Civil Rights (cont.) • Robert Kennedy helped African Americans register to vote by having lawsuits filed throughout the South. • When violence broke out in Montgomery Alabama, the Kennedy brothers urged the Freedom Riders to stop for a “cooling off ” period. (pages 755–757) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-14

  14. John F. Kennedy and Civil Rights (cont.) • A deal was struck between Kennedy and Senator James Eastland of Mississippi. • The senator stopped the violence, and Kennedy agreed not to object if the Mississippi police arrested the Freedom Riders. • The CORE used all their funds to bail the riders out of jail, which threatened future rides. (pages 755–757) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-15

  15. John F. Kennedy and Civil Rights (cont.) • Thurgood Marshall offered the use of the NAACP’s Legal Defense Fund, and the rides began again. • President Kennedy ordered the Interstate Commerce Commission to increase regulations against segregation at bus terminals. • By 1962 segregation on interstate travel had ended. (pages 755–757) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-16

  16. John F. Kennedy and Civil Rights (cont.) • In 1962 James Meredith, an African American air force veteran, tried to register at the segregated University of Mississippi. (pages 755–757) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-17

  17. John F. Kennedy and Civil Rights (cont.) • Meredith was met with the governor blocking his path. • President Kennedy ordered 500 federal marshals to escort Meredith to the campus. • A full-scale riot broke out with 160 marshals being wounded. (pages 755–757) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-17

  18. John F. Kennedy and Civil Rights (cont.) • The army sent in thousands of troops. • For the remainder of the year, Meredith attended classes under federal guard until he graduated the following August. (pages 755–757) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-18

  19. John F. Kennedy and Civil Rights (cont.) • Martin Luther King, Jr., was frustrated with the civil rights movement. • As the Cuban missile crisis escalated, foreign policy became the main priority at the White House. (pages 755–757) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-18

  20. John F. Kennedy and Civil Rights (cont.) • King agreed to hold demonstrations in Alabama, knowing they might end in violence but feeling that they were the only way to get the president’s attention. (pages 755–757) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-19

  21. John F. Kennedy and Civil Rights (cont.) • King was jailed. • He was criticized by some white members of the clergy that said he needed to “slow down” the movement. • In response he wrote a letter to them in the margins of a newspaper he had. • After his release the protests began again. (pages 755–757) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-19

  22. John F. Kennedy and Civil Rights (cont.) • The televised events were seen by the nation. (pages 755–757) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-19

  23. John F. Kennedy and Civil Rights (cont.) (pages 755–757) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-19

  24. John F. Kennedy and Civil Rights (cont.) (pages 755–757) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-19

  25. John F. Kennedy and Civil Rights (cont.) (pages 755–757) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-19

  26. John F. Kennedy and Civil Rights (cont.) (pages 755–757) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-19

  27. John F. Kennedy and Civil Rights (cont.) • Kennedy ordered his aides to prepare a civil rights bill. • To support this legislation, Dr. King ordered his followers to prepare a March on Washington D.C. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-19

  28. Kennedy killed over Civil Rights? • Some conspiracy theories argue that JFK’s assassination may be linked to his stand on the Civil Rights issue. • Leaflet handed out in Dallas 11/23/63 states that he had committed treason. Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide. FYI Contents 1

  29. End of Slide Show

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