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Chapter 14

Chapter Outline. STDs. Chlamydia. Gonorrhea. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease. Genital Warts. Genital Herpes. Syphilis. HIV and AIDS. Guidelines for Preventing STDs. Chapter 14. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. STDs. Chlamydia. Gonorrhea. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease. Genital Warts.

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Chapter 14

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  1. ChapterOutline STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea PelvicInflammatoryDisease GenitalWarts GenitalHerpes Syphilis HIV andAIDS Guidelinesfor Preventing STDs Chapter 14 Sexually Transmitted Diseases

  2. STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea PelvicInflammatoryDisease GenitalWarts GenitalHerpes Syphilis HIV andAIDS Guidelinesfor Preventing STDs Sexually transmitted diseases • Have reached epidemic proportions in the U.S. • 25% of all Americans will acquire at least one sexually transmitted disease (STD) in their lifetime • Each year, more than 15 million people in the U.S. are newly infected with STDs • More than 68 million Americans have an incurable STD • The highest rate of STD infections are seen in young people between the ages of 16 and 24 • Worldwide, 1 million people are infected daily with STDs not including HIV

  3. STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea PelvicInflammatoryDisease GenitalWarts GenitalHerpes Syphilis HIV andAIDS Guidelinesfor Preventing STDs Chlamydia • Caused by a bacterial infection that spreads • During vaginal, anal, or oral sex • From the vagina to a newborn baby during childbirth • Can cause serious damage to the reproductive system • Is a major factor in male and female infertility • May not produce symptoms, thus 75% of infected individuals don’t know they’re infected until the infection has become quite serious • Three million new cases are reported each year in the U.S. • 15- to 19-year-old girls represent 46% of infections • 20- to 24-year-old women represent another 33%

  4. STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea PelvicInflammatoryDisease GenitalWarts GenitalHerpes Syphilis HIV andAIDS Guidelinesfor Preventing STDs Chlamydia • When symptoms are present, they include abdominal pain, fever, nausea, vaginal bleeding, and arthritis • Treatment requires oral antibiotics • Damage to the reproductive system is irreversible

  5. STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea PelvicInflammatoryDisease GenitalWarts GenitalHerpes Syphilis HIV andAIDS Guidelinesfor Preventing STDs Gonorrhea • Caused by a bacterial infection • Transmitted through vaginal, anal, and oral sex • Symptoms in men • Typical symptoms include a pus-like secretion from the penis and painful urination • Symptoms in women • Women also may have discharge and painful urination • Up to 80% of infected women don’t experience symptoms until the infection has become fairly serious • At this stage, women develop fever, severe abdominal pain, and pelvic inflammatory disease

  6. STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea PelvicInflammatoryDisease GenitalWarts GenitalHerpes Syphilis HIV andAIDS Guidelinesfor Preventing STDs Gonorrhea • Untreated gonorrhea can produce • Infertility, widespread bacterial infection, heart damage, arthritis • Blindness in children born to infected women • Treated successfully with penicillin and other antibiotics

  7. STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea PelvicInflammatoryDisease GenitalWarts GenitalHerpes Syphilis HIV andAIDS Guidelinesfor Preventing STDs Pelvic inflammatorydisease (PID) • Not a true STD, but rather a condition resulting from complications of chlamydia or gonorrhea • Often develops when the STD spreads to the fallopian tubes, uterus, and ovaries • Each year more than 1 million women in the U.S. develop PID • Complications include scarring and obstruction of the fallopian tubes, infertility, ectopic pregnancies, and chronic pelvic pain

  8. STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea PelvicInflammatoryDisease GenitalWarts GenitalHerpes Syphilis HIV andAIDS Guidelinesfor Preventing STDs Pelvic inflammatorydisease • Women with PID who become pregnant may have an ectopic (tubal) pregnancy which destroys the embryo and can result in the mother’s death • Symptoms include • Fever, nausea, vomiting, chills, spotting between menstrual periods, heavy bleeding during periods • Pain in the lower abdomen during sexual intercourse, between menstrual periods, or during urination

  9. STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea PelvicInflammatoryDisease GenitalWarts GenitalHerpes Syphilis HIV andAIDS Guidelinesfor Preventing STDs Pelvic inflammatorydisease • Many women do not know they have PID because symptoms are not always present • PID is treated with antibiotics, bed rest, and sexual abstinence • Surgery may be required to remove infected or scarred tissue or to repair or remove the fallopian tubes or uterus

  10. STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea PelvicInflammatoryDisease GenitalWarts GenitalHerpes Syphilis HIV andAIDS Guidelinesfor Preventing STDs Genital warts • Caused by a viral infection that is spread • Through vaginal, anal, or oral sex • From the vagina to a newborn baby • Warts appear anywhere from 1 to 8 months after exposure • Warts can be found • On the penis and around the vulva and vagina • In the mouth, throat, rectum, the cervix, or around the anus

  11. STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea PelvicInflammatoryDisease GenitalWarts GenitalHerpes Syphilis HIV andAIDS Guidelinesfor Preventing STDs Genital warts • One million new cases of this STD are diagnosed yearly in the U.S. • In some cities, nearly half of all sexually active teenagers have genital warts

  12. STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea PelvicInflammatoryDisease GenitalWarts GenitalHerpes Syphilis HIV andAIDS Guidelinesfor Preventing STDs Genital warts • Health problems include • Increased risk for cancers of the cervix, vulva, and penis • Enlargement and spread of the warts, leading to obstruction of the urethra, vagina, and anus • Warts over the bodies of babies born to infected mothers (thus, Cesarean sections are recommended)

  13. STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea PelvicInflammatoryDisease GenitalWarts GenitalHerpes Syphilis HIV andAIDS Guidelinesfor Preventing STDs Genital warts • Treatment requires complete removal of all warts by • Freezing them with liquid nitrogen, dissolving them with chemicals, or removing them through electrosurgery or laser surgery • Patients may have to be treated more than once, because genital warts can recur

  14. STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea PelvicInflammatoryDisease GenitalWarts GenitalHerpes Syphilis HIV andAIDS Guidelinesfor Preventing STDs Genital herpes • Caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV) • Several types of HSV produce different ailments, including • Genital herpes, oral (lip) herpes, shingles, and chicken pox • The two most common forms of HSV are Types I and II • Type I is most commonly known to cause oral herpes • Cold sores or fever blisters appear on the lips and mouth • Approximately 135 million Americans over the age of 12 carry HSV Type I • HSV Type II is better known as the virus that causes genital herpes • About 20% of people over 12 are infected with HSV Type II

  15. STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea PelvicInflammatoryDisease GenitalWarts GenitalHerpes Syphilis HIV andAIDS Guidelinesfor Preventing STDs Genital herpes • HSV is a highly contagious virus • Victims are most contagious during an outbreak • HSV spreads by contact with an active sore • HSV can also be spread through virus-containing secretions from the vagina or penis

  16. STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea PelvicInflammatoryDisease GenitalWarts GenitalHerpes Syphilis HIV andAIDS Guidelinesfor Preventing STDs Genital herpes • A few days following infection, sores appear on the infected areas • Most notably the mouth, genitals, and rectum • May also surface on other parts of the body • In conjunction with the sores, victims usually have mild fever, swollen glands, and headaches • Symptoms usually disappear within a few weeks, causing some people to believe they are cured • Herpes is presently incurable; its victims do remain infected • The virus can remain dormant for extended periods, but repeated outbreaks are common

  17. STDs

  18. STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea PelvicInflammatoryDisease GenitalWarts GenitalHerpes Syphilis HIV andAIDS Guidelinesfor Preventing STDs Herpes virus • Both HSV Type I and II can cause oral and genital sores • People who have an outbreak of oral herpes • Should not touch their genitals or someone else’s after touching the oral cold sores (doing so can lead to herpes infection of the genitals) • Oral sex can also cause transmission of the HSV from the lips to the genitals and vice versa • People with cold sores on the lips or mouth should exercise care not to touch these sores • Hands should be carefully washed with soap following contact with cold or herpes sores

  19. STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea PelvicInflammatoryDisease GenitalWarts GenitalHerpes Syphilis HIV andAIDS Guidelinesfor Preventing STDs Syphilis • Caused by a bacterial infection • Three weeks after infection, a painless sore appears where the bacteria entered the body • The sore disappears on its own in a few weeks • If untreated, additional sores may appear within 6 months of initial outbreak but will also disappear by themselves • A latent stage during which victim is not contagious may last up to 30 years (victims think they are healed)

  20. STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea PelvicInflammatoryDisease GenitalWarts GenitalHerpes Syphilis HIV andAIDS Guidelinesfor Preventing STDs Syphilis • During the final stage • People may develop paralysis, crippling, blindness, heart disease, brain damage, insanity • Some infected people die from the disease • Penicillin and other antibiotics are used in its treatment

  21. STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea PelvicInflammatoryDisease GenitalWarts GenitalHerpes Syphilis HIV andAIDS Guidelinesfor Preventing STDs Critical thinking • Many individuals who have sexually transmitted diseases withhold this information from potential sexual partners. Do you think that it should be considered a criminal action if such an individual knowingly transmits a STD to someone else?

  22. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): Any of a number of diseases that arise when the body’s immune system is compromised by HIV Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): Virus that leads to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) Opportunistic diseases: Diseases that arise in the absence of a healthy immune system, which would fight them off in healthy people STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea PelvicInflammatoryDisease GenitalWarts GenitalHerpes Syphilis HIV andAIDS Guidelinesfor Preventing STDs Key terms

  23. STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea PelvicInflammatoryDisease GenitalWarts GenitalHerpes Syphilis HIV andAIDS Guidelinesfor Preventing STDs HIV and AIDS • Upon infection, the HIV virus multiplies, attacks, and destroys white blood cells • White blood cells are part of the immune system that fights infections and diseases • As the number of white blood cells killed increases, the body’s immune system gradually breaks down or may be completely destroyed • Without the immune system, a person becomes susceptible to various opportunistic diseases and cancers • HIV infection is determined through an HIV antibody test

  24. STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea PelvicInflammatoryDisease GenitalWarts GenitalHerpes Syphilis HIV andAIDS Guidelinesfor Preventing STDs HIV and AIDS • HIV is a progressive disease • At first, people who become infected with HIV might not know they are infected • An incubation period of weeks, months, or years may pass during which no symptoms appear • The virus may live in the body 10 years or longer before symptoms emerge

  25. STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea PelvicInflammatoryDisease GenitalWarts GenitalHerpes Syphilis HIV andAIDS Guidelinesfor Preventing STDs HIV and AIDS • As the infection progresses to the point at which certain diseases develop, the person is said to have AIDS • HIV itself doesn’t kill, nor do people die of AIDS • AIDS is the term designating the final stage of HIV infection • Death is caused by a weakened immune system that is unable to fight off opportunistic diseases

  26. Figure 14.2 Current modesof HIV transmissionin the U.S. SOURCE: CDC

  27. Proportion of AIDS cases by race/ethnicity in the U.S., 1985–2001 Figure 14.3 SOURCE: CDC

  28. STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea PelvicInflammatoryDisease GenitalWarts GenitalHerpes Syphilis HIV andAIDS Guidelinesfor Preventing STDs HIV and AIDS • People do not get HIV because of who they are but because of what they do • HIV and AIDS can threaten anyone, anywhere • Men, women • Children, teenagers, young people, older adults • Whites, African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Asian Americans, Native Americans, Africans, Europeans • Homosexuals, heterosexuals, bisexuals • Drug users • Nobody is immune to HIV

  29. STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea PelvicInflammatoryDisease GenitalWarts GenitalHerpes Syphilis HIV andAIDS Guidelinesfor Preventing STDs The two most risky behaviorsfor HIV transmission • Having unprotected vaginal, anal, or oral sex with an HIV-infected person • Sharing hypodermic needles or other drug paraphernalia with someone who is infected

  30. Estimated incidence of AIDS cases and deaths reported in the U.S., 1985–2001 Figure 14.5 SOURCE: CDC

  31. STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea PelvicInflammatoryDisease GenitalWarts GenitalHerpes Syphilis HIV andAIDS Guidelinesfor Preventing STDs HIV and AIDS treatment • HIV infection and AIDS have no known cure • The best advice is to take a preventive approach • Medications are available that • Delay the progress of infection and allow HIV-infected patients to live longer • May keep some people from developing AIDS • The sooner the treatment is initiated, the better the prognosis for a longer life • Developing a vaccine to prevent HIV infection or AIDS seems highly unlikely within the next few years

  32. STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea PelvicInflammatoryDisease GenitalWarts GenitalHerpes Syphilis HIV andAIDS Guidelinesfor Preventing STDs Prevention of STDs • Abstinence • A monogamous sexual relationship • If you choose to delay sex, do not let peers pressure you into having sex • Manhood and womanhood are not proven during sexual intercourse but, instead, through mature, responsible, and healthy choices

  33. Plan before you get into a sexual situation Know your partner Discuss STDs with the person you are contemplating having sex with before you do so Limit the number of sexual partners you have If sexually promiscuous, consider periodic physical check-ups Use barrier methods of contraception to help prevent disease from spreading STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea PelvicInflammatoryDisease GenitalWarts GenitalHerpes Syphilis HIV andAIDS Guidelinesfor Preventing STDs Reducing the risk for STDs

  34. Negotiate safer sex Think “no condom, no sex” Be responsible enough to abstain from sexual activity if you have an infection Urinate immediately following sexual intercourse Although not entirely reliable, it may help flush bacteria and viruses from the urinary tract STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea PelvicInflammatoryDisease GenitalWarts GenitalHerpes Syphilis HIV andAIDS Guidelinesfor Preventing STDs Reducing the risk for STDs

  35. Thoroughly wash immediately after sexual activity Although not a guarantee, it can prevent you from spreading germs on your fingers and may wash away bacteria and viruses that have not yet entered the body If you suspect that your partner is infected with an STD, ask Consider abstaining from sexual relations if you have any kind of an illness or disease, even a common cold STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea PelvicInflammatoryDisease GenitalWarts GenitalHerpes Syphilis HIV andAIDS Guidelinesfor Preventing STDs Reducing the risk for STDs

  36. Postpone sex until you and your uninfected partner are prepared to enter into a lifetime monogamous relationship Unless in a monogamous relationship and you know your partner is not infected, practice safer sex every time you have sex Use a latex condom with the spermicide nonoxynol-9 from start to finish for each sexual act If you think your partner should use a condom but refuses, say “No” to sex STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea PelvicInflammatoryDisease GenitalWarts GenitalHerpes Syphilis HIV andAIDS Guidelinesfor Preventing STDs Reducing the risk for HIV

  37. Don’t have multiple and anonymous sexual partners Don’t have sexual contact with anyone who doesn’t practice safer sex Avoid sexual contact with anyone who has had sex with people at risk for getting HIV Don’t have sex with prostitutes If you do have sex with someone who might be infected, avoid exchange of body fluids Don’t share toothbrushes, razors, or other implements that could become contaminated with blood with anyone who might be infected STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea PelvicInflammatoryDisease GenitalWarts GenitalHerpes Syphilis HIV andAIDS Guidelinesfor Preventing STDs Reducing the risk for HIV

  38. Be cautious regarding procedures (such as acupuncture, tattooing, and ear piercing) in which needles or other nonsterile instruments may be used If you are planning on artificial insemination, insist on frozen sperm obtained from a laboratory that tests all donors for HIV If you know you will be having surgery in the near future, and if you are able, consider donating blood for your own use STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea PelvicInflammatoryDisease GenitalWarts GenitalHerpes Syphilis HIV andAIDS Guidelinesfor Preventing STDs Reducing the risk for HIV

  39. STDs Chlamydia Gonorrhea PelvicInflammatoryDisease GenitalWarts GenitalHerpes Syphilis HIV andAIDS Guidelinesfor Preventing STDs Critical thinking • Discuss how the information presented in this chapter has affected your feelings and perceptions about sex. What impact will this information have on your wellness lifestyle?

  40. End of Chapter

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