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Chapter 11:

Chapter 11:. Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence. Adolescence. Physical Changes Other Body Systems: Growth Spurts. First growth spurt. Second growth spurt. Muscle fibers Heart and lung Body fat levels Gender differences. Cephalocaudal/ proximodistal patterns

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Chapter 11:

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  1. Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

  2. Adolescence

  3. Physical ChangesOther Body Systems: Growth Spurts First growth spurt Second growth spurt Muscle fibers Heart and lung Body fat levels Gender differences • Cephalocaudal/proximodistal patterns • Joint development • Gender differences

  4. Physical ChangesThe Muscular System Muscle fibers thicker and denser By age 17, boys can be as much as 3 times stronger than girls Men – 40% of total body mass is muscle Women – 24% Girls rise in body fat; boys drop Girls 21% to 24% by age 17 Boys 16.1% to 14%

  5. Physical ChangesThe Heart and Lungs Increase in size Heart rate drops • Greater change in boys than in girls • Improved capacity for sustained physical effort Boys gain a clear advantage in endurance, size, strength, and speed On average!

  6. Milestones of Puberty

  7. Physical ChangesSexual Development in Boys Sperm production begins between 12 and 14 First ejaculation about age 13 or 14 Genital development and pubic hair development precedes the end of the growth spurt. Development of beard and voice changes occur near the end of the sequence BOYS

  8. Physical ChangesSexual Development in Girls Heredity and behavioral factors influence hormonal secretions Major body changes before age 11 or 12; consistently more negative body image Social context influences change GIRLS

  9. Physical Changes Secular trend: Timing of menarche Lowering of the age of menarche by 4 months per decade Due mainly to changes in diet and lifestyle

  10. Physical ChangesPrevalence of Sexual Behavior Age of sexual activity initiation 1988 (15-19 yrs) 2008 (15-19 yrs) 60% Males 43% Males 51% Females 42% Females What do these data tell us?

  11. Figure 11.1 Sexual Activity in High School Students Figure 11.1

  12. Physical ChangesSexual Behavior: Early Sexuality Social Factors Social Factors

  13. Physical ChangesSexual Behavior Girls who are sexually active • Early menarche • Low interest in school and school activities • Early dating • History of sexual abuse

  14. Physical ChangesSexual Behavior and Education Despite school units, teens show ignorance of STDs Abstinence and contraceptive education still controversial in many schools • 57% female and 79% males use condoms • 30% sexually active females use the pill (15-17 yrs.) Teen pregnancy rate higher in U.S. than many other industrialized countries.

  15. Adolescent HealthDrugs, Alcohol, and Tobacco Use Teen use of drugs down but still a significant problem. Alcohol use is prevalent Fewer teens are regular smokers than generation ago.

  16. Figure 11.2 Illicit Drug Use Trends Among Teenagers

  17. ? ? Questions To Ponder True or False The decline in teen use of illicit drugs is due to an increased and better understanding of consequences.

  18. Teen alcoholism

  19. Changes in Thinking And MemoryPiaget’s Formal Operational Thought Formal Operational Stage: Reasoning logically about abstract concepts Key elements

  20. Changes in Thinking And MemoryPiaget’s Views on Formal Operations Tasks • Complex reasoning tasks • Metaphors • Decision-making Education levels influence use of formal operational thought

  21. Changes in Thinking And MemoryAdvances in Information-Processing Task improvement with age • Metacognition • Metamemory • Strategy use increase • Text learning

  22. SchoolingHigh School Success Activity participation helps develop psychological attributes • Girls at risk in transition to high school • Girls often discouraged from taking courses in science • Academically talented girls are often less confident than male counterparts. Ethnic variations • Only 1/3 of African American and Hispanic students have 2 years of algebra.

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