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STONES by: Dr. Arez Mohammed

STONES by: Dr. Arez Mohammed. STONES:.

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STONES by: Dr. Arez Mohammed

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  1. STONESby: Dr. Arez Mohammed

  2. STONES: The stones which are suitable for the construction of the structures such as retaining walls, dams, , roads etc are known as building stones. Building stones should possess enough strength and durability. Stones have been considered as one of the popular building material from the olden days due to their availability in abundance from the natural rocks.

  3. CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD BUILDING STONES: • Hardness • Durability • Porosity and Absorption • Reliability • Weight • Appearance and color • Fire resistance • strength

  4. (1) Hardness:Hardness denotes several qualities of stones such as resistance to cutting and resistance to abrasion ( rub with each other). Specially stones are used in case of roads and railway tracks. To check the hardness of stones various tests are conducted in the laboratories. The more important tests to check the hardness is Loss Angles Abrasion test. It depends upon the nature of its constituent minerals.

  5. (2) Durability:Durability is the power of stone to resist atmospheric and other external effects.It depends upon:Chemical composition, Physical structure,Resistance to weathering effects,Place where it is usedStone which contain silicates will be durable than those stone which contain calcareous substances.

  6. 3.Porosity and Absorption:Stone can hold water in two waysEither through porosity or absorptionFor building purposes, the better stones are those which are less porous because they will absorb less moisture. Porous stones damaged easily.

  7. 4. Reliability:When exposed to fire stone should be reliable (good in quality).5. Weight:This is an important characteristic of stone. It depends upon the type of structure of stone in which we shall use.E.g. we shall use heavy stones in the construction of the dams, bridges, etc.6. Strength:It is power of stone to sustain pressure or resistance to crushing force.Average crushing strength of stone is 3 tons per square inch.

  8. 7. Appearance and color:Highly colorful stones are preferred for architectural purpose but those are soft and thus less durable. Therefore, lighter stones are preferred than to darker ones.

  9. 8. Fire resistance:A good building stone should be fire resistant. Some stones such as basalt and trap resist fire very well but some varieties of igneous and metamorphic stones are very weak against fire.

  10. Uses of stone • Building foundations, walls, piers, pillars, and architectural works. • Lintels, Beams, beams Arches, domes etc., • Roofs and Roof coverings. • Cladding Works • Dams, light houses, monumental structures. • Paving jobs • Railway, ballast, black boards and electrical switch boards

  11. Erecting foundation with stone

  12. Stone masonry • The construction of stones bonded together with mortar is termed as stone masonry where the stones are available in a abundance in nature, on cutting and dressing to the proper shape, they provide an economical material for the construction of various building components such as walls, columns, footings, arches, lintels, beams etc.

  13. Laying the stone • Decrease the stone thickness from the bottom to the top of wall. • Lay the masonry in roughly leveled courses. Ensure that the bottom of the foundation is large, with selected stones. • Before laying the stone in the wall, shape and dress it so that it will not loosen after it is placed. No dressing or hammering which will loosen the stone will be permitted after it is placed.

  14. EXAMINATION AND TESTING OF STONES:It is very important to examine the stone before its selection for any particular type of engineering structure. For this purpose various types of tests are to be conducted to find out the suitability of stone for engineering structure. There are so many tests but some important among them are as follows.

  15. TYPES OF EXAMINATION AND TESTING OF TYPES OF STONE TESTING • Crushing test • Crystallization or weathering test • Porosity and Absorption test • Acid test • Hardness test • Fire test

  16. DRESSING OF STONES: • Dressing of stones is a process in which their surfaces are prepared to a form, fit to be used for any constructional purpose. Dressing is according to the type of work and demand. • Purpose of Dressing: • To give them good looking. • To provide horizontal and vertical joints in the masonry. • To make them fit, to be used for particular construction. • Generally to give them neat/good appearance.

  17. Methods of Dressing Dressing at quarry site: Dressing at construction site or( Manual Dressing).

  18. Machin Dressing: • Sawing Machin • Diamond Saw ( Image Below) • Carborandom Saw

  19. THANK YOU

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