A crime without a name…

1. A crime without a name… • “The aggressor ... retaliates by the most frightful cruelties. As his Armies advance, whole districts are being exterminated. Scores of thousands - literally scores of thousands - of executions in cold blood are being perpetrated by the German Police-troops upon the Russian patriots who defend their native soil. Since the Mongol invasions of Europe in the Sixteenth Century, there has never been methodical, merciless butchery on such a scale, or approaching such a scale. • “And this is but the beginning. Famine and pestilence have yet to follow in the bloody ruts of Hitler's tanks. • “We are in the presence of a crime without a name.” - Winston Churchill describing the brutality of the German forces occupying Russia, 1941.

2. The definition and characteristics of genocide are very clear, but politics play a large role….

3. “All that is needed for the triumph of evil is that good men do nothing.” ~Edmund Burke

4. Genocidegeno – meaning racecide – meaning killing The word genocide was coined in the midst of the Holocaust by a Polish scholar by the name Lemkin.

5. Where does the Word Genocide Come From? Geno- cide Cide- From the Latin word Cida, which means to kill. Geno- from the Greek word Genos, which means birth, race of a similar kind, tribe, family

6. History of the word “Genocide” • In 1944, a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin coined the term genocide. • On December 9th, 1948, the United Nations approved the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. • The UN made it an international crime to commit genocide, with all of its member nations agreeing to “undertake to prevent and punish” the crime.

7. Shocking Quotes • “More than 50 million people were systematically murdered in the past 100 years- the century of mass murder.” • “In sheer numbers, these and other killings make the 20th century the bloodiest period in human history.” National Geo. 2006

9. What is Genocide?? “Any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group, as such: • Killing members of the group. • Causing serious bodily or mental harm. • Deliberately inflicting conditions of life for physical destruction in whole or in part. • Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group • Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group."

10. GENOCIDE • Genocide: An attempt to eliminate, in whole or in large part, a particular group of people (such as national, ethnic, racial, religious, social, or political groups). • Mass Murder: The intentional killing of a large number of people who are either unwilling or unable to defend themselves. • Ethnic Cleansing: The attempt to remove a particular group of people from a particular geographic area through the use of terror. • Discrimination: Positive or negative behavior toward a particular group • rules or laws directed against a group or its members; • or practices that subordinate people of a particular group. • positive behaviors, policies and practices that systematically advantage one group over another.

11. examples of genocide, mass murder, ethnic cleansing and discrimination DISCRIMINATION History of many non-Northern European groups in U.S. -- Irish, Italians, eastern Europeans, Jews, African-Americans, Latinos, Asians, etc. Women around the world Hindu Caste system • ETHNIC CLEANSING • U.S. & Native Americans • Pop. of NAs reduced from about 2million to 500,000 over 300 years. • mass murder • -- starvation - • - war • -- forced removals • -- disease • Yugoslavia Serbs in Bosnia (1980s,1990s) • -- terror, expulsion, and thousands found in mass graves GENOCIDE Nazis: (1933-1945) Jews, Gypsies, gays & lesbians, communists, mentally ill KILLED: @11 MILLION Turks: Armenians in WWI (1914-1918) KILLED:@2 MILLION MASS MURDER Slave Trade (U.S. & many W. European countries): @1600-1850 KILLED:@20 MILLION Turks Armenians, 1890s KILLED 300-400,000

12. Major genocides of the 20th century • The Herero Genocide, Namibia, 1904-05Death toll: 60,000 (3/4 of the population) • The Armenian Genocide, Ottoman Empire, 1915-23 Death toll: Up to 1.5 million • The Ukrainian Famine, 1932-1933Death toll: 7 million • The Nanking Massacre, 1937-1938 Death toll: 300,000 (50% of the pop) • The World War II Holocaust, Europe, 1942-45 Death toll: 6 million Jews, and millions of others, including Poles, Roma, homosexuals, and the physically and mentally handicapped, • The Cambodian Genocide, 1975-79 Death toll: 2 million • The East Timor Genocide, 1975- 1999 Death toll: 120,000 (20% of the population) • The Mayan Genocide, Guatemala, 1981-83 Death toll: Tens of thousands • Iraq, 1988 Death toll: 50-100,000 • The Bosnian Genocide, 1991-1995 Death toll: 200,000 • The Rwandan Genocide, 1994 Death toll: 800,000 • The Darfur Genocide, Sudan , 2003-present Death toll: debated. 100,000? 300,000? 500,000?

13. 20th & 21st Century Genocides • Armenian (1915-1918): by Ottoman Turks 1.5 mil Armenians, over 800,000 others • Jewish (1939-1945): by Nazi Germany  6 mil Jews, 3 mil Poles, 1.25 mil others • Cambodian (1975-1979): by Khmer Rouge 1.2 million to 2 million Cambodians

14. 20th & 21st Century Genocides • Bosnia (1992-1995): by Serbs  200,000 Bosnian Muslims • Rwanda (1994): by Hutu militias  800,000 Tutsis • Darfur (2003*- ): by Arab govn’t backed militia  ? Of up to 500,000 , 1.3 mil displaced non-Arabs (Fur, Zaghawa, Masalit) (There are more, esp. by forced famines!!)

15. BOSNIA

16. The 8 Stages of Genocide According to Gregory H. Stanton with Genocide Watch (Originally written in 1996 at the Department of State; presented at the Yale University Center for International and Area Studies in 1998)

17. The 8 Stages of Genocide • Understanding the genocidal process is one of the most important steps in preventing future genocides. • The Eight Stages of Genocide were first outlined by Dr. Greg Stanton, Department of State: 1996. • The first six stages are Early Warnings: • Classification • Symbolization • Dehumanization • Organization • Polarization • Preparation

18. 1. Classification • Distinguish b/w “us & them” • Ethnicity, race, religion, nationality • Occurs in all cultures • Societies w/ no mixed categories have greater chance of genocide Prevention Must actively endorse understanding & tolerance, search for a common ground

19. Stage 1: Classification • “Us versus them” • Distinguish by nationality, ethnicity, race, or religion. • Bipolar societies (Rwanda) most likely to have genocide because no way for classifications to fade away through inter-marriage. • Classification is a primary method of dividing society and creating a power struggle between groups.

20. 1. CLASSIFICATION: • All cultures have categories to distinguish people into "us and them" by ethnicity, race, religion, or nationality: German and Jew, Hutu and Tutsi. • Bipolar societies that lack mixed categories, such as Rwanda and Burundi, are the most likely to have genocide.

21. Classification (Rwanda) Belgian colonialists believed Tutsis were a naturally superior nobility, descended from the Israelite tribe of Ham. The Rwandan royalty was Tutsi. Belgians distinguished between Hutus and Tutsis by nose size, height & eye type. Another indicator to distinguish Hutu farmers from Tutsi pastoralists was the number of cattle owned.

22. Prevention: Classification • Promote common identities (national, religious, human.) • Use common languages (Swahili in Tanzania, science, music.) • Actively oppose racist and divisive politicians and parties.

23. 2. Symbolization • Applying names/symbols/colors/dress to members of grps. • Yellow star for Jews • Blue scarf for Eastern Cambodians • Stages 1 & 2 are almost natural problem comes when combined w/ hatred

24. Stage 2: Symbolization • Names: “Jew”, “German”, “Hutu”, “Tutsi”. • Languages. • Types of dress. • Group uniforms: Nazi Swastika armbands • Colors and religious symbols: • Yellow star for Jews • Blue checked scarf Eastern Zone in Cambodia

25. 2SYMBOLIZATION • We give names or other symbols to the classifications. • We name people "Jews" or "Gypsies", or distinguish them by colors or dress; and apply them to members of groups. • Classification and symbolization are universally human and do not necessarily result in genocide unless they lead to the next stage, dehumanization. • When combined with hatred, symbols may be forced upon unwilling members of pariah groups: the yellow star for Jews under Nazi rule, the blue scarf for people from the Eastern Zone in Khmer Rouge Cambodia.

26. Stage 2: Symbolization (Rwanda) “Ethnicity” was first noted on cards by Belgian Colonial Authorities in 1933. Tutsis were given access to limited education programs and Catholic priesthood. Hutus were given less assistance by colonial auhorities. At independence, these preferences were reversed. Hutus were favored. These ID cards were later used to distinguish Tutsis from Hutus in the 1994 massacres of Tutsis and moderate Hutus that resulted in 800,000+ deaths.

27. Symbolization (Nazi Germany) Jewish Passport: “Reisepäss” Required to be carried by all Jews by 1938. Preceded the yellow star.

28. Symbolization (Cambodia) • People in the Eastern Zone, near Vietnam, were accused of having “Khmer bodies, but Vietnamese heads.” • They were deported to other areas to be worked to death. • They were marked with a blue and white checked scarf (Kroma)

29. 2. Symbolism cont’d Prevention Make hate symbols/speech illegal • Bulgaria refused the yellow star 80% of Jews went w/o it lost its significance **BUT…the ban has to be widely supported • “Hutu” & “Tutsi” were banned in Burundi, but code words just replaced them

30. Prevention: Symbolization • Get ethnic, religious, racial, and national identities removed from ID cards, passports. • Protest imposition of marking symbols on targeted groups (yellow cloth on Hindus in Taliban Afghanistan). • Protest negative or racist words for groups (“niggers, kaffirs,” etc.) Work to make them culturally unacceptable.

31. Stage 3: Dehumanization • One group denies the humanity of another group, and makes the victim group seem subhuman. • Dehumanization overcomes the normal human revulsion against murder. Der Stürmer Nazi Newspaper: “The Blood Flows; The Jew Grins” Kangura Newspaper, Rwanda: “The Solution for Tutsi Cockroaches” .

32. 3. Dehumanization • Members of grp. are not seen as human (rather animals, insects, disease) • Tutsis were referred to as cockroaches • Hate propaganda takes over (radios, posters, news) • Not protected as free speech under true democratic constitutions Prevention Must be put down promptly! (shut down radio signals)

33. 3. DEHUMANIZATION: • One group denies the humanity of the other group. • Members of it are equated with animals, vermin, insects or diseases. • Dehumanization overcomes the normal human revulsion against murder.

34. Dehumanization From a Nazi SS Propaganda Pamphlet: Caption: Does the same soul dwell in these bodies?

35. Dehumanization • Hate propaganda in speeches, print and on hate radios vilify the victim group. • Members of the victim group are described as animals, vermin, and diseases. Hate radio, Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines, during the Rwandan genocide in 1994, broadcast anti-Tutsi messages like “kill the cockroaches” and “If this disease is not treated immediately, it will destroy all the Hutu.” • Dehumanization invokes superiority of one group and inferiority of the “other.” • Dehumanization justifies murder by calling it “ethnic cleansing,” or “purification.” Such euphemisms hide the horror of mass murder.

36. Prevention: Dehumanization • Provide programs for tolerance to radio, TV, and newspapers. • Enlist religious and political leaders to speak out and educate for tolerance. • Organize inter-ethnic, interfaith, and inter-racial groups to work against hate and genocide.

37. Stage 4: Organization • Genocide is a group crime, so must be organized. • The state usually organizes, arms and financially supports the groups that conduct the genocidal massacres. (State organization is not a legal requirement --Indian partition.) • Plans are made by elites for a “final solution” of genocidal killings.

38. 4. ORGANIZATION: • Genocide is always organized, usually by the state, though sometimes informally • Examples: Hindu mobs led by local RSS militants or by terrorist groups. • Special army units or militias are often trained and armed. • Plans are made for genocidal killings.

39. 4. Organization • ALWAYS organized • State often uses militias (Janjaweed in Sudan) • Used as scapegoats (deny responsibility) • Well-trained militants can also form mobs or terrorist grps. Prevention Militias must be forbidden, leaders denied rights, arms embargoes enacted

40. Prevention: Organization • Treat genocidal groups as the organized crime groups they are. Make membership in them illegal and demand that their leaders be arrested. • Deny visas to leaders of hate groups and freeze their foreign assets. • Impose arms embargoes on hate groups and governments supporting ethnic or religious hatred. • Create UN commissions to enforce such arms embargoes and call on UN members to arrest arms merchants who violate them.

41. Stage 5: Polarization • Extremists drive the groups apart. • Hate groups broadcast and print polarizing propaganda. • Laws are passed that forbid intermarriage or social interaction. • Political moderates are silenced, threatened and intimidated, and killed. • Public demonstrations were organized against Jewish merchants. • Moderate German dissenters were the first to be arrested and sent to concentration camps.

42. 5POLARIZATION: • Extremists drive the groups apart. • Hate groups broadcast polarizing propaganda. • Laws may forbid intermarriage or social interaction. • Extremist terrorism targets moderates, intimidating and silencing the center.

43. Polarization • Attacks are staged and blamed on targeted groups. In Germany, the Reichstag fire was blamed on Jewish Communists in 1933. • Cultural centers of targeted groups are attacked. On Kristalnacht in 1938, hundreds of synagogues were burned.

44. 5. Polarization • Grps. ripped apart by extremists • Hate propaganda broadcasts separation; sometimes makes interaxn illegal • Silences/intimidates moderates • They stand greatest chance of stopping genocide, so killed 1st Prevention Need security for moderates & human rights grps. Prevention International sanctions on extremist coups d’états

45. Prevention: Polarization • Vigorously protest laws or policies that segregate or marginalize groups, or that deprive whole groups of citizenship rights. • Physically protect moderate leaders, by use of armed guards and armored vehicles. • Demand the release of moderate leaders if they are arrested. Demand and conduct investigations if they are murdered. • Oppose coups d’état by extremists.

46. Stage 6: Preparation • Members of victim groups are forced to wear identifying symbols. • Death lists are made. • Victims are separated because of their ethnic or religious identity.

47. 6. PREPARATION: • Victims are identified and separated out because of their ethnic or religious identity. • Death lists are drawn up. • Members of victim groups are forced to wear identifying symbols. • They are often segregated into ghettoes, forced into concentration camps, or confined to a famine-struck region and starved.

48. Preparation • Segregation into ghettoes is imposed, victims are forced into concentration camps. • Victims are also deported to famine-struck regions for starvation. Forced Resettlement into Ghettos – Poland 1939 - 1942

49. 6. Preparation • Victims recognized & separated out • Death lists, wear symbols • Moved into certain areas (ghettoes, camps, poverty stricken region) Prevention Must declare a Genocide Emergency prepare international intervention Prevention Prepare aid for future victims & refugees

50. Prevention: Preparation • With evidence of death lists, arms shipments, militia training, and trial massacres, a Genocide Alert™ should be declared. • UN Security Council should warn it will act (but only if it really will act.) Diplomats must warn potential perpetrators. • Humanitarian relief should be prepared. • Military intervention forces should be organized, including logistics and financing.