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Chapter 8

Chapter 8. The Unification of China Decline of Zhou Rise of Qin Triumph of Han. Flash Cards. Shi Huangdi terra cotta soldiers. Flash Cards. Han dynasty Silk Roads. PERIOD OF THE WARRING STATES Confucius. Kong Fuzi (551-479 BCE) Master Philosopher Kong Aristocratic roots

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Chapter 8

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  1. Chapter 8 The Unification of China Decline of Zhou Rise of Qin Triumph of Han

  2. Flash Cards • Shi Huangdi • terra cotta soldiers

  3. Flash Cards • Han dynasty • Silk Roads

  4. PERIOD OF THE WARRING STATESConfucius • Kong Fuzi (551-479 BCE) • Master Philosopher Kong • Aristocratic roots • Unwilling to compromise principles • Emphasized education, individual responsibility to state • Reinforced filial piety, patriarchy

  5. Confucius • Teachings: Analects • Later formed core of Chinese education • Ethics and politics • Avoided religion, metaphysics • Junzi: “superior individuals” • Role in government service

  6. Confucian Values • kindness, beneveloence • Ren • propriety • Li • filial piety • Xiao • ideal leaders • junzi

  7. Mencius (372-289 BCE) • Principal Confucian scholar • Optimist, belief in power of ren • Not influential during lifetime • biggest promoter of Confucian thought

  8. PERIOD OF WARRING STATESDaoism Founder: Laozi, 6th c. BCE • Critic of Confucianism • promoted passivism • rejected attempts to change course of events • The Dao de jing(Classic of Way and of Virtue)

  9. The Dao • “The Way” (of nature, of the cosmos) • Ex: “Water: soft and yielding, but capable of eroding rock” • Concept of yin & yang • Simple living in harmony with nature

  10. Political Implications of Daoism • Confucianism as public doctrine • Daoism as private pursuit • Ironic combination allowed intellectuals to pursue both

  11. Legalism • Shang Yang (390-338 BCE) • The Book of the Lord Shang • Emphasis on development of the state • Ruthless, end justifies the means • Role of Law • Strict punishment for violators • Principle of collective responsibility

  12. Legalist Doctrine • Two strengths of the state • Agriculture • Military • Emphasized peasant & soldier classes • Distrust of pure intellectual, cultural pursuits

  13. Unification of China • Qin dynasty developed • 4th-3rd centuries BCE • Generous land grants under Shang Yang • Increased centralization of power • Improved military technology

  14. The First Emperor • Qin Shihuangdi (r. 221-210 BCE) • known as “First Emperor” • Dynasty ended in 207 BCE • Basis of rule: centralized bureaucracy • Massive public works begun • Great Wall • Massive tomb complex

  15. China under the Qin dynasty 221-207 BCE

  16. Qin Centralization • Standardized: • Laws • Currencies • Weights and measures • Script • Built roads, bridges

  17. Massive Tomb Projects • Built by 700,000 workers • Slaves, concubines, and craftsmen • were sacrificed and buried • Excavated in 1974 • 15,000 terra cotta soldiers unearthed

  18. Tomb of the First Emperor

  19. Resistance to Qin Policies • Emperor ordered execution of all critics • burned all ideological works • 460 scholars buried alive • others exiled → Massive cultural losses • Civil disorder caused collapse of Qin • 207 BCE

  20. The Han Dynasty Liu Bang formed new dynasty: • Han ► 206 BCE – 220 CE • Former Han (206 BCE-9 CE) • Later Han (25-220 CE)

  21. Early Han Policies • Relaxed Qin tyranny • Maintained strong central bureaucracy • w/regional control too • Emphasized Confucian education & values

  22. Han Centralization ►Han Wudi (141-87 BCE) • The Martial Emperor • increased taxes • funded more public works • increased demand for government officials

  23. Confucian Educational System • Han Wudi • demanded educated class for bureaucracy • established Imperial University, 124 BCE • assured competency of bureaucrats • Adopted Confucianism as official course of study • 3,000 students during Early Han • 30,000 by end of Later Han • open to all classes of boys

  24. Han Imperial Expansion • Invasions of Vietnam, Korea • Trung sisters • Constant attacks from Nomads from Asia • Horsemen • Brutal • Han Wudi briefly dominated nomads

  25. Han established Silk Roads Under Han Wudi • Sent emmisaries • Sought allies against nomads • Sought market for silk

  26. East and Central Asiaunder Han Wudi, c. 87 BCE

  27. Patriarchal Social Order • Classic of Filial Piety • Subordination to elder males • Admonitions for Women • Female virtues: • Humility, obedience, subservience, loyalty

  28. Iron Metallurgy • Expansion of iron work • Some tools made entirely from iron • Increased food production • Superior weaponry

  29. Other technological Developments • Cultivation of silkworms • Breeding • Diet control • Other silk-producing lands relied on wild worms See silk thread production & weaving here: • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QLb-tM0Xi4g

  30. Other technological Developments • Development of paper • from wood See ancient Chinese paper production here: • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uXNFq1bUoT8

  31. Population Growth in the Han Dynasty • General prosperity • Increased agricultural productivity • Taxes small part of overall income

  32. Economic and Social Difficulties • Expenses of military expeditions • esp. vs. Xiongnu (nomads) • Taxes increased • Property confiscations rose • Increased gap between rich and poor • Slavery, tenant farming increase • Banditry, rebellion

  33. Reign of Wang Mang (9-23 CE) • Wang Mang regent for 2-year old Emperor, 6 CE • Took power himself. 9 CE • Introduced massive reforms • The “socialist emperor” • Land redistribution • but poorly handled • Social chaos → ended in his assassination, 23 CE

  34. Later Han Dynasty • Han emperors regained control • Yellow Turban uprising • challenged land distribution problems • Internal court conflicts • Expensive border defense • Weakened Han Dynasty • collapsed by 220 CE

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