Morphology: Cross-linguistic variation

1. Morphology: Cross-linguistic variation Linguistics 200 Spring 2002

2. Morphological competence • Which words are possible/impossible? • What are the properties of words--how can they be used? • How are new words created? What is the structure of existing words?

3. Some more word formation types • Simultaneous • Reduplication • Ablaut • Affixation • Infixation • Portmanteau morphemes • Position class morphology

4. Simultaneous morphology Arabic verbal morphology: ‘write’

5. Arabic verbal morphology‘write’

6. Simultaneous morphology

7. Simultaneous morphology [] = voiceless pharyngeal fricative; [] = voiced pharyngeal fricative

8. Simultaneous morphology 2. Tense/voice/participle (vowels) /a/ perfective active /u i/ perfective passive /a/-, /a i/, /a u/, /a/ imperfective active /u/-, /a/ imperfective passive /mu/-, /a i/ active participle /mu/-, /a/ passive participle (1st binyan: /ma/-, /u/)

9. Simultaneous morphology 3. “Binyanim”: causative, reciprocal, reflexive, etc. (syllable structure: arrangement of consonants and vowels)

10. Simultaneous morphology

11. Simultaneous morphology

12. Simultaneous morphology Morphological structure of [kuutib] ‘was corresponded with’

13. Reduplication RED (reduplicant): • a morpheme which copies the phonological segments of the root it is attached to • partial reduplication (affixational) vs. total reduplication (compounding)

14. Total reduplication • Sahaptin inanimate plurals • [p’úp’u] ‘teardrops’ • English: ‘really, truly’ • red red (vs. blue red) • home home • India Indian

15. Partial reduplication: suffixing Chukchee (Chukotko-Kamchatkan, Russia) RED- = absolutive singular (of noun)

16. Partial reduplication: prefixing Klamath (Penutian, Oregon) RED- = plural subjects of verbs

17. Partial reduplication: Prefixing Yoruba (Niger-Congo, Nigeria) RED- nouns derived from verbs Prespecification: part of RED is phonologically fixed; part of RED copies the root [V] = high tone vowel, [V] = low tone vowel, [V] = mid tone vowel

18. More on affixation Infixation: Ulwa possessive forms

19. Ulwa Infixation

20. Infixation: placement of the infix -ka- ‘his/her’

21. Infixation: placement of the infix • In Ulwa, possessive affixes follow the stressed syllable (infixation as a special case of suffixation)

22. Portmanteau morphemes Single phonological representation corresponds to two meanings. McLeod L. Sekani (Athabaskan)

23. Witsuwit’en • (Athabaskan, British Columbia)

24. Witsuwit’en morphology • Morphological processes • affixation • compounding • ablaut

25. Witsuwit’en morphology • Major (affixable) lexical categories • nouns • verbs • postpositions • directional adverbs • adjectives

26. Ablaut = Root-internal vowel substitution English present past past participle sing sang have sung ring rang have rung

27. Ablaut in Witsuwit’en verb root imperfective/optative perfective future -/qes/ ‘scratch hard’ –[qes] –[qez] –[q«s] -/q«z/ ‘do with arms’ –[qis] –[q«z] –[q«s] /i/ replaces /«/ in the imperfective/optative /«/ replaces /e/ in the future

28. Affixation to nouns

29. Morphological analysis

30. Prepositions and postpositions Prepositions: preposition - nouncount for me  prep noun Postpositions: noun - postposition [s- pe c’ot«w]me for you (sg.) count noun postposition ‘count for me’

31. Affixation to postpositions

32. Morphological analysis

33. Morphological analysis (revised) Prefixes to nouns/postpositions:

34. Affixation to verbs • Unusual features • Position class morphology: (prefix order restrictions) prefix-prefix-prefix-...-verb root-suffix • Discontinuous morphemes

35. Some verbs (dictionary entry) • -jin 'sg./du. stand' • -tseq ‘be lightweight’ • -/as ‘du./group goes, walks • O-u-jin ‘pick O (berries) while stationary’

36. Some verbs (actual words) • Minimally: dictionary form of verb+‘tense’ • [sa n«/a] ‘the sun/moon is going’ • sa ‘sun, moon’ • -a 'sun, moon goes' • n«- continuative (‘round-trip’) • [sa ia] ‘the sun/moon is moving' • E/i-...- progressive

37. Position class morphology Verb prefix positions: postposition/adverbial – iterative – multiple plural – negative – incorporated root – inceptive – distributive plural – pronominal object/subject – qualifier – tense/neg – subject – valence Root Suffix positions: negative - tense [sa ia] ‘the sun/moon is moving' i- tense + -a root + -  tense

38. Some more verb words 1. [tci ujin] 'he/she is picking huckleberries' O-u-jin 'pick O (berries) while stationary‘ O- u - jin (object required) qualifier –root - imperfective (tense position)   0 / u ___ Prefix positions: postposition/adverbial – iterative – multiple plural – negative – incorporated root – inceptive – distributive plural – pronominal object/subject – qualifier –tense/neg – subject – valence Root Suffix positions: negative - tense

39. 2. [c'ojin] 'he/she is picking' c'- unspecified object (pronominal object/subject position) (c’ + u  c’o) Prefix positions: postposition/adverbial – iterative – multiple plural – negative – incorporated root – inceptive – distributive plural – pronominal object/subject –qualifier –tense/neg – subject – valence Root Suffix positions: negative - tense

40. 3. [c'onjin] 'he/she is picking (round things)' n- round object (optional) (qualifier position) Prefix positions: postposition/adverbial – iterative – multiple plural – negative – incorporated root – inceptive – distributive plural – pronominal object/subject –qualifier –tense/neg – subject – valence Root Suffix positions: negative - tense

41. 4. [wec'onsji'n] 'he/she isn't picking (round things)' we- negative (negative position) s- non-perfective negative (tense position) - (negative position) n + / ‘n Prefix positions: postposition/adverbial – iterative – multiple plural – negative – incorporated root – inceptive – distributive plural – pronominal object/subject –qualifier –tense/neg – subject – valence Root Suffix positions: negative- tense

42. 5. [wec'onzsji'n] 'I'm not picking (round things)' s- 1sg. subject (subject position) /s/  [z] / ___ V Prefix positions: postposition/adverbial – iterative – multiple plural – negative – incorporated root – inceptive – distributive plural – pronominal object/subject –qualifier –tense/neg –subject – valence Root Suffix positions: negative - tense

43. 6. [wec'onthzisjit] 'I won't pick (round things)‘ th- future (qualifier position) i- (tense position) - (tense position) // + / t /n/  0 / ___ C]syllable Prefix positions: postposition/adverbial – iterative – multiple plural – negative – incorporated root – inceptive – distributive plural – pronominal object/subject –qualifier –tense/neg –subject – valence Root Suffix positions: negative - tense

44. Morphological structure 'I'm not going to pick (round) things' negative round 1 sg. subject [we- c‘- o- n- th- [] z- i- s- ji -t -] unspecified object future ‘pick (berries) while stationary’

45. English

46. English ablaut in verbal morphology

47. Portmanteau morphemes single phonological representation corresponds to two meanings McLeod L. Sekani (Athabaskan) first person singular subject prefix

48. Zero derivation No overt affix (a.k.a. “conversion”)

49. Zero derivation Noun-verb pairs the bite, to bite the fall, to fall the freeze, to freeze the steal, to steal the tread, to tread the bridge, to bridge the put-down, to put down the kick-off, to kick off, etc.

50. Relatively new verbs to office ‘to work in an office’(?):‘Kinko’s---the new way to office’ to Sequim ‘to visit Sequim’:'Thanks for Sequimming‘ to apple(s) and orange(s) ‘to compare unlikeobjects, make an inappropriate comparison’:‘You're apples and orangeing it.’