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ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND THEIR APPLICATION IN URBAN TRANSPORT (PART 2) Eddy Versonnen

ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND THEIR APPLICATION IN URBAN TRANSPORT (PART 2) Eddy Versonnen eddy.versonnen@kdg.be KdG University College Antwerp. GREENHOUSE EFFECT - THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT - GREENHOUSE GASES - DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMICAL CARS - USE OF ALTERNATIVE FOSSIL FUELS

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ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND THEIR APPLICATION IN URBAN TRANSPORT (PART 2) Eddy Versonnen

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  1. ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND THEIR APPLICATION IN URBAN TRANSPORT (PART 2) Eddy Versonnen eddy.versonnen@kdg.be KdG University College Antwerp

  2. GREENHOUSE EFFECT • - THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT • - GREENHOUSE GASES • - DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMICAL CARS • - USE OF ALTERNATIVE FOSSIL FUELS • - USE OF RENEWABLE FUELS • WIND ENERGY AND SOLAR ENERGY • HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER AIR QUALITY KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

  3. USE OF RENEWABLE FUELS: Experiments with bio-energy KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

  4. USE OF RENEWABLE FUELS: • Basic principle: Make fuels out of bio-mass • Mostly bio-mass from plants • Plants store solar-energy by photosynthesis under the physical form of carbon compounds • In theory renewable fuels are CO2 neutral: the CO2 caused by the combustion of bio-fuels has been taken out of the air by the plants while they were growing • In reality some energy is needed for the production of renewable fuels out of bio-mass, but the use of it surely makes a CO2 reduction possible • (watch out: fertilizing leads to N2O!) KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

  5. USE OF RENEWABLE FUELS: • Renewable fuels (wood) are the first fuels used by men. • Fossil fuels were formed out of bio-mass a few million years ago. • Different kinds of Renewable Fuels: • Biodiesel • Pure Plant Oil (PPO) • Bio-methanol • Bio-ethanol • Biogas • Bio-methane • Bio-Hydrogen • ... KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

  6. USE OF RENEWABLE FUELS: • ADVANTAGES: • Renewable • A lot of CO2 reduction • Liquid bio-fuels are easy to handle • Some bio-fuels can be used in conventional combusting engines with small adaptations • ‘Revival’ of the European agriculture KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

  7. USE OF RENEWABLE FUELS: • DISADVANTAGES: • Different studies preconceive that there is not enough cultivated land available to produce enough renewable fuels. • An ethical question: use the available cultivated land for the production of food or for the production of energy • Not necessary sustainable and renewable energy: for example cutting down the rain forest • None or hardly any impact on the poisonous emission components KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

  8. USE OF RENEWABLE FUELS: - Bio-Diesel (Plant Oils) * FAME: Fatty Acid Methyl Ester  Obtained from Rape Seed, Soybean, .. * World Production: 5 400 000 tons (4 000 000 in EUROP) * EU Commission: Blends of:  2010: > 5,75% Bio-Diesel 2020: > 10% Bio-Diesel with Fossil Diesel * Using Bio-Diesel substantially reduces Emissions of  Unburned Hydrocarbons (CH)  Carbon Monoxide (CO)  Sulphate  Particular Matter * Emissions of NOX increases KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

  9. USE OF RENEWABLE FUELS: • Biodiesel (Plant Oils) * Can be used in Conventional Diesel Engines * Bio-Diesel Blends higher than B20 can cause problems with Natural Rubber Components  Damage to Seals and Hoses of the Fuel System KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

  10. USE OF RENEWABLE FUELS: - Biodiesel: PPO (Pure Plant Oils) * PPO tends to solidify at low temperature * Vehicle Modification to heat the fuel * 5% to 8% less Power * If PPO gets mixed with the lubricating Oil  It reacts with the Oil  This creates “Sludge”  Change Oil more often KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

  11. USE OF RENEWABLE FUELS: - Bio-Ethanol Conventional Bio-Ethanol * Obtained from Sugar or Starch in Crops and other Agriculture Produce  Grain Starches  Sugar beats  Maïs * 30% CO2 Reduction Cellulosic Bio-Ethanol * Derived from any Cellulose or other Renewable Bio-mass  Forrestary Waste  Municipal Waste * 80% CO2 Reduction KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

  12. USE OF RENEWABLE FUELS: - Bio-Ethanol * World Production: 40 000 000 tons  Mostly in Brazil and USA  1 500 tons in Europe * EU Commission: Blends of  2010: > 5,75% Bio-Ethanol 2020: > 10% Bio-Ethanol with Gasoline KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

  13. USE OF RENEWABLE FUELS: - Bio-Ethanol * All Gasoline Vehicles can operate on gasoline/ethanol blends up to 10% Ethanol  18 - 29% CO2 Reduction (Compared with Gasoline) * E5: 5% Bio-Ethanol in Gasoline (EU) * E10: 10% Bio-Ethanol in Gasoline (USA) * E25: 25% Bio-Ethanol in Gasoline (Brazil) KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

  14. USE OF RENEWABLE FUELS: - Bio-Ethanol FFV (Flexible Fuel Vehicle) * Capable of operating on  85% Bio-Ethanol and 15%Gasoline  Or any Blend in between * E85: 85% Bio-Ethanol in Gasoline (USA, Sweden) * With 113 Octane Rating: E85  Is the highest Performance Fuel on the Market  Keeps High-Compression Engines running smoothly KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

  15. GREENHOUSE EFFECT • - THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT • - GREENHOUSE GASES • - DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMICAL CARS • - USE OF ALTERNATIVE FOSSIL FUELS • - USE OF RENEWABLE FUELS • WIND ENERGY AND SOLAR ENERGY • HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER AIR QUALITY KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

  16. WIND ENERGY AND SOLAR ENERGY: KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

  17. WIND ENERGY AND SOLAR ENERGY: • Advantages: • No CO2 emission • No emissions • Inexhaustible • No geographical concentration • Disadvantages • No constant production: no solar energy when the sun is not shining, ... • Not directly usable for transport applications • Hard to store KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

  18. WIND ENERGY AND SOLAR ENERGY: - Battery - Electric * Energy Storage in the Chemical Energy of the Batteries. * Zero Emission: no Emissions while being driven. * Disadvantages:  Costs  Speed  Driving Range KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

  19. WIND ENERGY AND SOLAR ENERGY: - Battery - Electric * Lead - Acid Batteries: Reduced Capacity if discharged beyond 75% on regular basis. * Better Choice but more expensive are:  NiMH Batteries  Lithium Batteries KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

  20. WIND ENERGY AND SOLAR ENERGY: - Battery - Electric * New developments:  ELLICA (Japan)  Lithium Batteries  0 to 100 km/h in 4 s  Maximum Speed: 400 km/h  Autonomy: 320 km KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

  21. WIND ENERGY AND SOLAR ENERGY: - Solar Cars * Electrical Vehicle powered by Solar Panels * Not a practical Form of Transportation KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

  22. GREENHOUSE EFFECT • - THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT • - GREENHOUSE GASES • - DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMICAL CARS • - USE OF ALTERNATIVE FOSSIL FUELS • - USE OF RENEWABLE FUELS • WIND ENERGY AND SOLAR ENERGY • HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER AIR QUALITY KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

  23. HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER: Well to Wheel Efficiency (vehicle km per ha) KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

  24. HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER: • Hydrogen • - The lightest chemical element on earth • - Most existing chemical element in the universe • It almost never exists as a free element on earth, but most of the time in • a chemical bond • * Water (H2O): chemical bond with oxygen • * Fossil fuels: chemical bond with carbon (C) • (‘hydrocarbons’, for instance CNG: ~CH4) KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

  25. HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER: • Production methods: • ‘Steam reforming’ of CNG • In general from any fossil fuel (for example coal) • Microbial from waste etc. • By using Electricity for the Electrolyses of Water (2H2O  2H2+O2 ) • This Electricity can be produced by: • * Wind Energy • * Solar Energy • * Nuclear Energy Hydrogen: a new fuel? - City Gas = coal – gas - Up to 60% Hydrogen KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

  26. HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER: H2: most energy per kg KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

  27. HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER: Zero Emission: - No emission while being driven Two different Applications: - Internal Combustion Engines * Combustion with oxygen from the ambient air 2H2+O2 2H2O + heat - Fuel Cells * Electro-Chemical reaction with oxygen from the ambient air2H2+O2 2H2O + e- KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

  28. HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER: * Hydrogen is an Energy Carrier, not an Energy Source (like a Battery) * Hydrogen can be stored more easy than Electricity KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

  29. HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER: Hydrogen as an energy buffer KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

  30. HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER: • Hydrogen as an Energy Buffer • Hydrogen can be used to store energy which is provided by door fluctuating sustainable sources as: • Wind Energy • Solar Energy • Hydroelectric Energy • Hydrogen as an Energy Carrier • Manageable way to store electricity on board of a vehicle • Vehicles running on hydrogen • Hydrogen as an alternative Energy Carrier for road transport KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

  31. HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER: - Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines * Slightly Modified Version of the Traditional Gasoline Internal Combustion Engine KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

  32. HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER: Hydrogen: Advantages KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

  33. HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER: Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells Vision of our future by the European Commission European Commission EUR 20719 EN – Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells – A vision of our future KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

  34. HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER: Hydrogen: Challenges • Storage: H2 is a very light gas: 14 times lighter than air • 1 kg of Hydrogen contains as much energy as 3.6 litres of gasoline • At ambient pressure and temperature: • - 3.3 m³ of Hydrogen contains as much energy as 1 litre of gasoline • (a tank with 50 litres of gasoline contains as much energy as 165 m³ • of Hydrogen) KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

  35. HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER: Hydrogen Storage * Compressed Gas  350 - 700 bar * Special Tanks reinforced with carbon fibres * 9 litres of compressed Hydrogen (700 bar) is equivalent to 1 litre of gasoline KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

  36. HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER: Hydrogen Storage LH2 * Liquid Gas  -253°C * A super isolated Tank protects the Liquid Hydrogen from heat * After 3 days a critical pressure is reached * 4 litres of Liquid Hydrogen is equivalent to 1 litre of gasoline KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

  37. HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER: Hydrogen: Storage • * In solid state, adsorbed in metal hydrides • * In the future: Storage in Carbon Nanotubes • This will have important repercussions concerning the weight and the • volume of the Hydrogen Storage KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

  38. HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER: Hydrogen: Challenges • *Production: Big investments in sustainable energy are necessary to • replace a small fraction of the worldwide oil consumption by Hydrogen • *Transport: Same challenges as for Hydrogen storage • Advantage: the existing network to transport natural gas can be used for • the transportation of Hydrogen. (with small adaptations) • *The cost-price must be reduced: • Production cost • Storage (expensive tanks) • Internal Combustion Engines • Fuel Cells KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

  39. HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER: Hydrogen: Safety As with any other energy carrier: safety risk Characteristics: *Wide flammability: mixtures between 4 and 75% Hydrogen and air are inflammable (gasoline in air is inflammable between 1 and 7.6%) *Low ignition energy *Much lighter than air * Very diffuse: spreads out very fast * Colourless flame *Few radiant heat KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

  40. HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER: After 3 seconds After 1 minutes After 1min30 Safety: Hydrogen versus Gasoline *Left: Hydrogen powered vehicle * Right: Gasoline powered vehicle KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

  41. HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER: Research at KdG University College • Internal Combustion Engines running on Hydrogen • HCNG – bus running on a mixture of 20% Hydrogen and 80% CNG, stored under pressure • Opel Combo running on Hydrogen • * VW Caddy demonstration vehicle running on Hydrogen • Future plans concerning Hydrogen • Developing a specialised motor management system • Maritime Internal Combustion Engine 6.2l V8 running on Hydrogen • Fork-lift truck running on Hydrogen • Adaptation of an Internal Combustion Engine to run on Methanol KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

  42. HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER: HCNG - Engines * Hydrogen can be used in different blends with CNG in in Internal Combustion Engines. * This is an essential step to the 15% HCNG Hydrogen  27% CO2 based Reduction Transportation of the Future KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

  43. HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER: Potential of Internal Combustion Engines running on Hydrogen • More powerful than Internal Combustion Engines running on gasoline • Higher efficiency than Diesel engines • The most stringent emission standards achievable, without complicated after treatment of the exhaust gasses • Flex-fuel is possible • Reduced costs • Well known technology • Adaptation of existing Internal Combustion Engines for Hydrogen KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

  44. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

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