Ch 30

1. Ch 30 • 1949 - 2005

2. When did the Cold War begin? may have been here: Potsdam Conference July 1945 Truman Stalin Atlee "a new weapon of unusual destructive force." Truman tells Stalin Truman more demanding than Roosevelt with respect to free elections in Eastern Europe. Stalin insisted on creating a buffer zone for the Soviet Union. Germany no longer a threat

3. Cold War 1940’s • Stalin v. Truman • Churchill’s “iron curtain” • civil wars in Greece and China, leads to: • Truman Doctrine • Marshall Plan vs. COMECON Berlin Airlift • NATO • 1948 Berlin blockade by Russia leads to Berlin Airlift by U.S. - lasts for 1 year. • 1948 - Josip Brot Tito of Yugoslavia breaks from Soviet control but establishes a communist dictatorship in Yugoslavia.

4. Cold War 1950’s • Khrushchev vs. Eisenhower and Kennedy • Warsaw Pact • 1955 West Germany joins NATO and is allowed to rebuild its military • Korean War 1950 - 1953 results in 38th parallel line – a hot war and a proxy war Soviets and China aid North Korea • 1956 Krhushchev’s “secret speech” de-Stalinization of Russia • Denounces Stalin but still stops Budapest uprising in 1956

5. Cold War’s Impact on Middle East • “proxy wars” – Soviet Union supports (provides arms and training) Arab states, U.S. supports Israel • 1956 Suez Crisis – Nasser, a Pan-Arab nationalist had nationalizes the Suez Canal. Israel invades Egypt. France and Britain follow. The UN and U.S. order France and Britain out – the canal stays under Nasser’s control. • 1967 Six-Day War – Israeli military conducts a preemptive strike against Egypt, Jordan and Syria • 1973 Yom Kippur War – surprise attack on Israel by Egypt and Syria

6. Poland - 1956 • Communist Party led by Wladysla Gomulka leads reforms: • makes peace with Roman Catholic Church • stops collectivization • begins trading with the West • participates in cultural exchange programs with noncommunist nations

7. Cold War 1960’s • Kennedy v. Khrushchev 1961 - 1963 • Berlin Wall - Bay of Pigs Invasion - Cuban Missile Crisis • Vietnam War - U.S. begins sending troops underr Eisenhower, then Kennedy, Johnson and Nixon. Know: Indochina, Ho Chi Minh, Viet Minh, Viet Cong • Johnson v. Brezhnev

8. 1968 France - university student protest begins - later in California, Paris, Tokyo - against Vietnam War, want social reforms, reject values of middle-class consumer society, counter-culture - the first “tree-huggers” Czechoslovakia - Prague Spring Uprising. Dubcek, leader, asks for democratic reforms, decentralized planning and an end to censorship. Soviets send in troops. Soviet Union - Brezhnev Doctrine - promises to intervene "...each Communist party is responsible not only to its own people, but also to all the socialist countries, to the entire Communist movement. Whoever forgets this, in stressing only the independence of the Communist party, becomes one­sided. He deviates from his international duty...Discharging their internationalist duty toward the fraternal peoples of Czechoslovakia and defending their own socialist gains, the U.S.S.R. and the other socialist states had to act decisively and they did act against the anti-Socialist forces in Czechoslovakia." Brezhnev 1968 Brezhnev Doctrine - claims in a speech that he will use Soviet military intervention to protect socialist, Warsaw Pact nations from capitalism

9. Cold War 1970’s • Detente - thawing out of tension • Nixon vs. Brezhnev • SALT 1 signed - Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty • Reagan ends Detente period 1979 =

10. Cold War 1980’s President Reagan 1981 - 1989 calls Soviet Union the “evil empire” “dangerous decade” Reagan refuses to sign SALT II (Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty) The U.S. under Reagan pursues the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) known as “Star Wars” 1985 Mikhail Gorbachev new Soviet leader

11. 1980’s • Mikhail Gorbachev 1985 - 1991 • Problems: • stagnant Soviet economy - shortage of consumer goods • inability to keep up with the U.S. in the arms race • nationalist tensions • Solution: • perestroika - political and economic reforms - restructuring • glasnost - openness 1989 Gorbachev renounces Brezhnev Doctrine

12. Americanization of Europe • Exportation of American culture - fast-food chains, fashions, Hollywood movies, export culture = export values • Eastern Europeans become increasingly aware of discrepancy between their consumer shortages and consumerism of western democratic nations. • What will this lead to?

13. Poland starts it: • food shortages since the 1970’s, strikes mainly by shipyard workers of Gdansk • Lech Walesa - leader of strikers • Solidarity Movement - a union of the Roman Catholic Church and labor unions (remember 1956 Gomulka reforms?) • Soviet Union declares martial law in Poland in the 1980’s • 1987 Polish Communist leader, General Jaruzelski begins political reforms: • repeals martial law • promises free elections • 1989 elections, the Solidarity Party wins majority of seats in Parliament

14. Hungary - 1989 • Parliament passes law to permit independent political parties in elections • border with Austria is opened • Communist party renamed Socialist party • by 1990 a coalition of democratic parties controlled Parliament

15. Germany 1989 • demonstrations by East Germans • Gorbachev lets East German Communist party know he will no longer support them • Opening of the Berlin Wall • Communist Party renamed Social Democratic Party • 1990 free elections • Helmet Kohl, Chancellor of West Germany leads reunification of Germany

16. Czechoslovakia 1989 • Street demonstrations by a well-organized political opposition • Vaclav Havel - playwright - leads - he calls the bloodless revolution the “Velvet Revolution” • Civic Forum - Havel’s group that want: • end to political dominance of Communist Party • elimination of traditional Marxist education • removal of travel restrictions • relaxation of censorship • December 1989 Havel elected President

17. Romania 1989 • violent unlike the others • Army supports the revolution • Revolutionaries gain control of t.v. and broadcast their movement • Nicholae Ceausescu leader, orders his security forces to open fire on demonstrators • Ceausescu tried, charged with genocide and executed by firing squad • Free elections in 1990

18. Remember this: • 1989 - Fall of Communism in Eastern Europe • 1991 - Fall of Communism in Soviet Union • No more Cold War (1945 - 1991)

19. Fall of Communism in the Soviet Union 1985 - 88 1989 1991 Gorbachev allows for competition in political process; first free elections held since 1917, end of single-party dictatorship December new constitution gives individual republics more autonomy. Yeltsin as leader of the Russian Republic, the largest and most powerful of all takes control, army backs him up. Gorbachev resigns as president on 12/25 C.I.S. declared Boris Yeltsin elected leader of the Russian Republic, populist, Communist perestroika restructuring glastnost openness introduced by Gorbachev anti-alcohol campaign August coup, Gorbachev leaves on vacation to the Crimea. hardliner Communists, in the military and the KGB lead a coup against him. Yeltsin able to stop coup and keeps Gorbachev in power Gorbachev’s critics: • conservatives - hardliners • reformers - want change to come faster • ethnic group, nationalists, want self-determination - Baltic states, Islamic states

20. 1970’s and 1980’s Greece - end of monarchy Spain and Portugal - end of Fascism France - end of deGaulle - Francois Mitterrand - socialist Italy - socialist leader, Communist party growing Britain: Margaret Thatcher 1979 - 1990 Conservative Party • free-market capitalism • sold off nationalized industries - privatization • reduced subsidies • slows down 1980’s inflation • felt government aid made people dependent and not self-reliant • won war against Argentina in 1983 and retain Falkland Islands

21. European Unity The Council of Europe 1949 The original idea was to have a federated Europe with the Council of Europe being a legislative body. Didn’t work - it was reduced to cultural and social issues: • promoted human rights • promoted democratic rule, • excluded nations with dictatorships

22. The Road to EuropeanEconomic Cooperation

23. 1948 • Benelux is created • A customs union - a free trade area • Member nations: Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg

24. 1951- Robert Schuman - The Schuman Plan - now 6 countries (Germany, France and Italy added) sign treaty to run their heavy industry together - no chance of producing weapons against each other. • The Schuman Plan created the European Coal and Steel Community • Jean Monnet French statesman that comes up with the idea that Schuman creates. • Member nations: France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Italy and Benelux countries • Goal: Eliminate import duties and quotas on coal and steel • Place production of steel under the control of a president and a council of ministers.

25. 1957 • Treaty of Rome signed by six member nations. • Created the European Economic Community also known as the Common Market • a free-trade area • helped bring West Germany back into European affairs and also provided a way to reconcile Germany and France

26. Economic Cooperation 1992 Maastricht Treaty European Union or EU Free movement of people, capital, service among member nations 2002 The Euro A common currency

27. Reasons for opposition to EU: • challenges the sovereignty of nations • imposes too many bureaucratic regulations • allows for foreign immigrants

28. EU requirements: • a limit on the national debt • low inflation • political freedoms • freedom of speech • no death penalty • human rights Today: EU and IMF helping PIGS nations austerity measures imposed on PIGS nations by EU not welcomed by its citizens

29. Europe and the Global Economy • General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1946 - 1993 • Replaced by World Trade Organization (WTO) 1995 - Present • Member nations have free-market economies • “most-favored nation” agreement means special trade agreements to one country are extended to all countries, usually to reduce tariffs • The International Monetary Fund (IMF) 1944 - 1971 to provide loans to governments - maintain exchange rates stability • The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) 1944 - post war reconstruction; makes long-term loans to governments of poorer nations.

30. Meanwhile…Existentialism • opposite of optimism after WWI • post WWII intellectual trend in writers • Jean-Paul Sartre • alienation a common theme in art and lit. • Orwell “...nothing in sight except lies, cruelty, hatred and ignorance” • denied the existence of God, there’s nothing beyond this life • glorified the human spirit for seeking freedom by comprehending that life was irrational and absurd • Albert Camus - every individual must choose his own path and reality, independent of a belief in God or any political system

31. Meanwhile…The Green Revolution1945 - 1962 • The rise of agribusiness or large-scale, commercialized farming - leads to failure of independent farms, migration to urban centers • Causes: • new machines, fertilizers and pesticides results in more productivity • Results: • small-scale farmers unable to compete • Role of government: provide assistance • How does it compare to the East? collectivization of agriculture

32. The Green Party • formed as a political party in 1979, main platform global warming, pollution • origins - tied to student movement of the 1960’s but now students avoid violence and instead enter the electoral process directly • antinuclear • European Economic Community will adopt environmental regulations

33. Separatist Movements Where have separatist movements succeeded? Where have they not? Chechnyan separatist movement and influence of Muslim jihadists Vladimir Putin = begins in 2000

34. Break up of Yugoslavia Timeline: 1918 - created from former Ottoman and Austrian empires - multi-ethnic 1945 - Tito - communist but independent of Soviet rule - not a satellite nation 1980 - Tito dies - dictatorship had kept ethnic differences quiet 1991 - civil war Ethnic tension among these groups: Croats, Croatians - Catholic Christians Serbs, Serbians - Orthodox Christians - Slobodan Milosevic – a Serbian nationalist, will be charged with war crimes and dies in prison Croats v. Serbs Bosnian pop. mainly Muslim - attacked by both Croats and Serbs “ethnic cleansing” - coined in this war - genocide 1995 UN and NATO become involved 1995 Dayton Peace Accord lead by Clinton.

35. Globalization and supranational organizations vs. separatists groups and anti-west movements -tied to immigration trends.

36. Post WWII Migration Patterns • From colonies in Africa and Asia to their imperialist states. For example: • Algerians to France • Indians to Britain • Turks to Germany • Why? • Push factor – political unrest • Pull factor – economic opportunities

37. Topic? Era? Post WWI, WWII, Cold War? • Chechnya • Basque (ETA) • Bosnian Muslims • Albanian Muslims in Kosovo

38. Topic? • Poland • Czechoslovakia • Hungary • Yugoslavia

39. Topic? • Lebanon • Syria • Iraq • Palestine • France • Britain • League of Nations

40. Topic? • Machine gun • Barbed wire • Submarine • Airplane • Poison Gas • Tank

41. Topic? • International Monetary Fund (IMF) • World Bank • General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) • World Trade Organization (WTO)

42. Topic? • Armenian genocide by the Turks • Arab revolt against the Turks • Japanese aggression in the Pacific and on the Chinese mainland

43. Topic? • Indian National Congress (INC) • Algeria’s National Liberation Front (FLN) • Ho Chi Minh’s Viet Minh • Sukarno in Indonesia

44. Topic? • Remilitarization of the Rhineland • Italian invasion of Ethiopia • Annexation of Austria • Munich Agreement and its violation • Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact

45. Topic? • Collectivization • Five Year Plans • Great Purges • Gulags • Secret Police • Liquidation of kulaks

46. Topic? • Cubism • Futurism • Dadism • Surrealism • Socialist Realism

47. Topic? • Pope John Paul II • Solidarity movement in Poland • Christian Democratic Party • Second Vatican Council

48. Topic? • Telephone • Television • Computer • Cell phone • Internet

49. Topic? • Nuremberg Laws • Night of Broken Glass - Kristallnacht • Wannsee Conference • Auschwitz • Buchenwald • Dachau • Sobibor • Treblinka

50. Topic? • Korean War • Vietnam War • The Yom Kippur War • The Afghanistan War