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Chapter One

Chapter One. “Nature Must Inspire the Thought” : Sacred Music in the European Colonies. British Colonies in North America. English Settlers. NOT explorers, adventurers, or conquerors Religious freedom (from persecution in Europe) Massachusetts – “Pilgrims” (1620) “spinoffs” – RI, CT, NJ

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Chapter One

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  1. Chapter One “Nature Must Inspire the Thought” :Sacred Music in the European Colonies

  2. British Colonies in North America

  3. English Settlers • NOT explorers, adventurers, or conquerors • Religious freedom (from persecution in Europe) • Massachusetts – “Pilgrims” (1620) • “spinoffs” – RI, CT, NJ • Maryland – sanctuary for Catholics (1642)- “Toleration Act” (1649) • Pennsylvania – Wm. Penn, Quakers (1681)- The Charter of Privileges allows for:“Freedom of Religious Conviction”

  4. Protestants, Calvinists & Pilgrims • Martin Luther (1483-1546) – Protestant Reform- 95 Theses (Wittenberg, 1517)- Salvation through belief- Priesthood of all believers- Bible in the vernacular • Jean Calvin (1509-1564) – Anti-Catholic- simple music, no instruments, etc. • English Dissenters (numerous groups in 16th C)- generally anti-Catholic, anti-Church of England- Puritans: England to Netherlands to England- to “New England” (Mass Bay Colony) as “Pilgrims”

  5. 17th C Merchant Ship NB. Mayflower measured c. 110’ (length) by 25’ (width); carried 102 passengers, crew of 30, cargo (for survival in wilderness, including small animals) for 66 days passage(6 Sept – 9 Nov 1620) [Mayflower history]

  6. Sacred Music in New England • Calvinist beliefs predominate • cf. St. Augustine’s dilemma over music • Emphasis on simplicity, practical & functional music, performable by amateurs • Sing only Psalms (why?) = Psalmody • Earliest (c. 1620s-30s) – sung by memory • Unison (monophonic) singing • Limited number of tunes (transferable)

  7. “Old Hundred” Old Hundreth (1st verse) [see LG 1.2, p. 26]

  8. Bay Psalm Book • 1st book printed in N.A. • 1640 w/ multiple editions into next century • Replaces Ainsworth (1612) and Sternhold & Hopkins (1562) Psalters (brought from England) • NO music • Words in regular verse • Only 11 copies survive

  9. Psalm 23 (Bay Psalm Book)

  10. Psalm 23: v. 1-6 (KJV) • The Lord is my shepherd; I shall not want. • He maketh me to lie down in green pastures: he leadeth me beside the still waters. • He restoreth my soul: he leadeth me in the paths of righteousness for his name's sake. • Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil: for thou art with me; thy rod and thy staff they comfort me. • Thou preparest a table before me in the presence of mine enemies: thou anointest my head with oil; my cup runneth over. • Surely goodness and mercy shall follow me all the days of my life: and I will dwell in the house of the Lord for ever.

  11. Psalm 23 (Meter?)

  12. Standard Metrical Patterns • C.M. (Common Meter) • L.M. (Long Meter) • S.M. (Short Meter) • P.M. (Peculiar Meter) • H.M. (Hallelujah Meter) • And many others….. • Check top of hymnals • See textbook (p. 25-7) • 8 6 8 6 • 8 8 8 8 • 6 6 8 6 • (what it says) • 6 6 6 6 8 8

  13. “Regular Singing” vs. “Old Way” • Argument develops c. early 18th century • Aural/Oral vs. Music Reading • “Lining Out” – led by deacon/precentor- Lined-out Hymnody: Kentucky Old Regular Baptists Sing "Guide me, O Thou Great Jehovah. 1993 - Amazing Grace_by Old Regular Baptist - American Music: A Discussion on "Lining Out“ • EX. "Guide Me O Thou Great Jehovah"- also see LG 1.3 (text book, p. 30) • Need for instruction (Cotton Mather, 1721) • “Singing Schools”

  14. Tufts and Walter • John Tufts, An Introduction to the Singing of Psalm Tunes (Boston, 1715) • Thomas Walter, The Grounds and Rules of Musick, Explained (Boston, 1721)

  15. William Billlings (1746-1800) • Singing School Master, Composer, etc. • The New-England Psalm-Singer, or American Chorister (Boston, 1770) [Textbook, p. 32]- 1st collection of entirely American works- theory, instructions, and music • “Nature is the best Dictator, for all the hard dry studied Rules that ever was prescribed will not enable any Person to form an Air…without a Genius…Nature must inspire the Thought.”

  16. Billings Examples • When Jesus Wept (1768) - William Billings (from The New England Psalm-Singer) • William Billings - The Continental Harmony - Creation [1794] Anthem w/ fuging section • I am the rose of Sharon (1778), by William Billings (1746--1800) – YouTube Anthem

  17. Wake Ev'ry Breath [NEPS T.P.] Round(see text book, p. 32)

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