Norton Lecture Slides

1. Norton Lecture Slides WESTERN CIVILIZATIONS BRIEF THIRD EDITION by Judith Coffin Robert Stacey Joshua Cole Carol Symes

2. The Greek World Expands, 400–150 B.C.E. Chapter 4

3. How do historians account for the remarkable successes of Alexander the Great? Click here to play video in external player

4. In what ways does the Hellenistic world resemble the world we live in today? What accounts for these similarities? Click here to play video in external player

5. Downfall of the Greek Polis • The Peloponnesian War (431–404 B.C.E.)—Spartan dominance • The Corinthian War (395–387 B.C.E.) • Failed response to Spartan dominance • Followed by pattern of Greek-on-Greek violence

6. Downfall of the Greek Polis • The struggle for hegemony • Thebes and Sparta • Epaminondas and the Battle of Leuctra (371 B.C.E.) • Spartan defeat • Emergence of Athenian naval confederacy • Strife between democrats and oligarchs

7. Downfall of the Greek Polis • Social and economic crises • Declining wealth • Decline in the standard of living • Increased taxes and widespread unemployment • The problems of mercenary armies

8. Downfall of the Greek Polis • The cultural and intellectual response • Art and literature • Heightened sense of realism • Drama in decline compared to fifth century • The flight from social and political commentary • Art privately funded, control of message • Drama as diversion and escape • Focus on “safe” topics, avoid controversy • Slapstick topics

9. Downfall of the Greek Polis • The cultural and intellectual response • Philosophy and political thought in the age of Plato and Aristotle • Plato (c. 429–349 B.C.E.) • Strove to vindicate Socrates • Introduced more structured framework • The Academy • Wrote a series of dialogues • Social harmony more important than individual liberty • Government by a superior group of “guardians”

10. Downfall of the Greek Polis • The cultural and intellectual response • Philosophy and political thought in the age of Plato and Aristotle • Aristotle and Aristotelian thought • Aristotle (384–322 B.C.E.) • Trained as a scientist • Trusted his senses and sense perception • The highest good is the harmonious functioning of mind and body • “Man is by nature a political animal”

11. Plato and Aristotle

12. The Rise of Macedon and the Conquests of Alexander • The reign of Philip II (359–336 B.C.E.) • Stabilized his borders: warfare and diplomacy • Reorganized the army • The phalanx as fighting machine • Dynastic marriages • Expansion brought conflict with Athens • Battle of Chaeronae (338 B.C.E.) • League of Corinth • Assassination of Philip

13. Philip II of Macedonia

14. Macedonian Phalanx

15. The Rise of Macedon and the Conquests of Alexander • The conquests and reign of Alexander (336–323 B.C.E.) • Visionary, genius, or butcher? • Further expansion • Difficulty in modern Afghanistan • Queen Roxane

16. Alexander’s World

17. The Rise of Macedon and the Conquests of Alexander • The conquests and reign of Alexander (336–323 B.C.E.) • The new empire • New cities • Mass marriages • Breeding a new nobility • Installs no administrative apparatus • Death of Alexander

18. The campaigns of Alexander

19. Marble Head of Alexander

20. The Hellenistic Kingdoms • Ptolemaic Egypt • Most durable kingdom • Alexandria • Personal enrichment • Alexander as pharaoh • Seleucid Asia • Near Eastern traditions • A Hellenized population • Planted new cities

21. The Hellenistic Kingdoms • Antigonid Macedon and Greece • Antigonus • Keeping Ptolemaic Egypt and Seleucid Asia at war • Aetolian and Achaean Leagues • Model of federalism

22. The Hellenistic World

23. Two Portraits of Ptolemy I of Egypt

24. From Polis to Cosmopolis—The Growth of Trade and Urbanization • Long-distance trade • Harbors improved • Encouragement of industry • Explosive population growth • Improved standard of living for some • Cities • Importation of Greek officials and soldiers • Alexandria

25. From Polis to Cosmopolis—The Growth of Trade and Urbanization • Wealth and poverty • Significant economic growth • Primarily agricultural economy • Manual laborers and artisans largely impoverished

26. Hellenistic Worldviews • Stoicism • Founded by Zeno of Citium (324–270 B.C.E.) • Cosmos is ordered and rational • The individual is not the master of his own life • Submit to the universal order of things • Tranquility of mind

27. Hellenistic Worldviews • Epicureanism • Founded by Epicurus (c. 342–270 B.C.E.) • Democritus and atomism • There is no ultimate purpose of the universe • Highest good is pleasure • The wise man should abandon politics

28. Hellenistic Worldviews • Skepticism • Carneades (c. 213–129 B.C.E.) • All knowledge is limited and relative • Inability to prove anything • Happiness—abandon quest for truth • Religion • A vehicle for escape • Persistence of belief in gods who protected the polis

29. Hellenistic Worldviews • Religion • “Ordinary” Greeks and personal religion • Migration of gods to the Near East and Egypt • Combination of Greek and non-Greek cults • Greek influence on Jewish communities outside Palestine

30. Scientific Revolution of Antiquity: Science and Medicine • Origins • Mesopotamian and Egyptian science • Hellenistic rulers patronized scientific research • Sole motive was prestige

31. Scientific Revolution of Antiquity: Science and Medicine • Astronomy, mathematics, and geography • Aristarchus of Samos (310–230 B.C.E.) • Heliocentric worldview • Euclid (fl. fourth century B.C.E.) • Wrote first geometry text • Eratosthenes (c. 276–194 B.C.E.) • Calculated circumference of the earth

32. The Citadel of Pergamon

33. Scientific Revolution of Antiquity: Science and Medicine • Physics • Archimedes of Syracuse (c. 287–212 B.C.E.) • Discovered law of floating bodies • Medicine • Herophilus of Chalcedon (c. 335–c. 280 B.C.E.) • Anatomist—practiced human dissection • Detailed description of the brain • Rejected notion of four humors

34. Dying Gaul

35. Scientific Revolution of Antiquity: Science and Medicine • Architecture and Sculpture • Architecture drew on Greek models influenced by Egypt and Persia • Sculpture—most influential of the arts • Focus on extreme naturalism • Extravagance • Hellenistic Culture: Literature and Art • Pastoral literature • Prose

36. The Winged Victory of Samothrace (left) Laocoön and his Sons (right)

37. Conclusion • The Transformation of the Polis • From polis to cosmopolis • From Hellene to Hellenistic • The breakdown of traditional values • The Hellenistic Age as an age of transition between Greece and Rome

38. W. W. Norton & CompanyIndependent and Employee-Owned This concludes the Norton Lecture Slide Set for Chapter 4 WESTERN CIVILIZATIONS BRIEF THIRD EDITION by Judith Coffin Robert Stacey Joshua Cole Carol Symes