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Organic Macromolecules

Organic Macromolecules. CARBOHYDRATES. “hydrated carbon” CH 2 O FUEL, immediately available Some are structural (cellulose) but also have lots of C-C and C-H bonds available as fuel (wood) Sugars, carbs and starches < 1 % of body mass in humans 4 calories/gram. Saccharide = sugar.

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Organic Macromolecules

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  1. Organic Macromolecules

  2. CARBOHYDRATES • “hydrated carbon” CH2O • FUEL, immediately available • Some are structural (cellulose) but also have lots of C-C and C-H bonds available as fuel (wood) • Sugars, carbs and starches • < 1 % of body mass in humans • 4 calories/gram

  3. Saccharide = sugar • Monosaccharides • 3 to 7 carbons; fructose, glucose, galactose, glucose, lactose, etc • Used by cells as fuel; Burned in mitochondria to generate ATP • Produced by plants during photosynthesis • Disaccharides • 2 sugars bonded with dehydration synthesis • Sucrose and maltose • Transport form for sugars in plants • Polysaccharides • Complex carbohydrates with 1000’s sugars • Store fuel • STARCH found in seeds (corn) and grains (wheat and rice) and roots/tubers (potatoes) • Also stored as glycogen in animal muscle and liver

  4. LIPIDS • C and H with relatively little O • Fatty acids (lauric acid, butyric acid, oleic acid ,etc) • Sometimes a little N or S • Saturated vs unsaturated vs polyunsaturated • Include fats, oils and waxes • Normally 12 – 20 % of body weight in humans • 9 calories/ gram • Omega 3 fatty acids • Many functions: • IF fuel – its STORED fuel/ LONG term storage • Insulation; thermal and electrical • Cushion especially vital organs • Chemical messengers; hormones and prostaglandins – “cholestrol” • Water proofing; wax on leaves • Cell membranes; phospholipid bilayer

  5. PROTEINS • Form from amino acid chains • N- C bonds called peptide bonds • C, H, N, O and Sulfur • 100s – 1000s of amino acids per protein • 20 different amino acids • FUNTIONS: • Support • Movement • Transport • Buffering • Regulation • Coordination / Control • defense

  6. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION • Primary structure – linear sequence of amino acids, based on DNA code/ covalent bonds • Secondary structure – side groups start to attract and coil / hydrogen bonds • Tertiary structure – 3D shape forms, cross linking between “loops” / disulfide bonds • Quaternary structure – multiple “subsections” of protein connect to make complete protein

  7. Enzymes • Lower activation energy so reaction happens faster or at lower temperature • Lock and key fit – specific 3D shape • Specificity • Cofactors – ions or molecules that allow enzymes to catalyze reactions. • Vitamins – related to carbs and lipids, these organic compounds are turned into coenzymes. Need as nutrients can’t make

  8. NUCLEIC ACIDS • C, H, N, O, P, S • DNA • Deoxyribonucleic acid; stores information and transmits it to next generation • RNA • Ribonucleic acid; carries information from nucleus to ribosomes • A T C G and U • A is same adenine as in ATP

  9. CHEMISTRY REVIEW • Covalent bonds • Ionic bonds • Hydrogen bonds

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