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Who Knew? The Flu and YOU!

Learn about the flu, its symptoms, how it spreads, and how vaccines and drugs can help prevent and treat it.

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Who Knew? The Flu and YOU!

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  1. Who Knew? The Flu and YOU! By: Christine Antler and Erin Boyle

  2. COLD FLU Stuffy or runny nose Sneezing Sore Throat Cough Fever Headache Fatigue, extreme exhaustion, weakness Cough

  3. The Influenza Virus

  4. What the heck is a virus? • NOT a bacterium • Very, very small • Simple: genetic material wrapped in protein shell • Must have living cell (host) to survive and replicate

  5. Hemagglutinin 8 RNA segments Neuraminidase Influenza Structure

  6. Influenza Replication HHMI movie http://www.hhmi.org/grants/lectures/biointeractive/animations/infection/inf_middle_frames.htm

  7. Your Immune System: Under Attack! • Keeps you healthy • Defends your body against invaders • Can sense what’s normal (self), and what isn’t (non-self)

  8. The Good Guys: B cells

  9. Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y How the immune system targets influenza

  10. Y Y Y Y Y Lights Out for Influenza! MACROPHAGE

  11. Just like an elephant, B cells remember! • Immunity: stronger and faster response

  12. It’s like an Army...

  13. old neuraminidase new neuraminidase old hemagglutinin new hemagglutinin Influenza Can Hide From the Immune System! • Influenza alters its spike or knob proteins • Memory B cells can’t recognize it anymore

  14. How Influenza Changes Its Surface Proteins Small Changes = Drift

  15. How Influenza Changes Its Surface Proteins Big Changes = Shift

  16. Influenza Reassortment HHMI movie http://www.hhmi.org/grants/lectures/biointeractive/animations/subunit/sub_middle_frames.htm

  17. Prevention and Treatment of Influenza Drugs Vaccines

  18. IMMUNITY Vaccines...Ouch! • Expose immune system to a defective virus or viral component • Immune system responds and is then ready for next infection

  19. Vaccine Production Live virus is injected into fertilized hen’s egg Virus replicates as embryo develops Virus-containing fluid is harvested from egg

  20. Vaccine Production http://www.brown.edu/Courses/Bio_160/Projects1999/flu/vaccines.html

  21. Killed Vaccines • Also called inactivated vaccines • Virus is killed by injecting a chemical into the egg • Immune system senses virus, but virus is unable to replicate and spread

  22. Live Vaccines • Also called attenuated vaccines • Virus is still alive, but can’t cause disease

  23. Live Vaccines Cont’d FluMist™ nasal spray (under development) • Virus designed to grow best at colder temperatures • Flu virus weakened at body temperature

  24. There must be a better way!!!

  25. Subunit Vaccines • H (spikes) and/or N (knobs) proteins only • Genetic engineering: produce H and N proteins using bacteria or yeast • H and N cause immune response

  26. Y Y Y Y DNA Vaccines H gene (DNA) Inject into human Human cells produce H protein Immune response to H protein

  27. Why do you need to get a new vaccine every year? Influenza alters its H and N all the time!

  28. Drugs Drugs target either H or N and inactivate them

  29. Inhibitors NEURAMINIDASE (N) HEMAGGLUTININ (H) Virus can enter host cells Virus cannot leave host cell Decreased spread of infection Zanamivir and Oseltamivir Virus cannot enter host cells - Decreased infection Amantadine and Rimantadine

  30. Summary • Influenza uses H and N proteins to infect cells • Body develops immunity after fighting off the virus • Influenza changes its H and N to avoid detection • Vaccines trick body into developing immunity • Antiviral drugs inhibit H and N

  31. References and Resources WEBSITES RELATED TO INFLUENZA: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/cold/sick.pdf http://www.med.sc.edu:85/lecture/images/aviron.jpg http://www.asap.unimelb.edu.au/hasn/no32/images/csleggs.jpg http://www.glycoforum.gr.jp/science/word/gif0009/gd-a06e.jpg http://medyred.sureste.com/fotos/influenza.jpg http://www.sciam.com/2001/0201issue/IMG/working_2.gif http://rex.nci.nih.gov/PATIENTS/INFO_TEACHER/immune_sys/Title.html http://www.odomnet.com/vaccines/introduc.htm http://www.uct.ac.za/depts/mmi/stannard/virarch.html http://www.niaid.nih.gov/newsroom/focuson/flu00/background.htm http://www.brown.edu/Courses/Bio_160/Projects1999/flu/vaccines.html http://129.252.124.240:85/mhunt/flu.htm www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEC/CC/vaccines_how_why_html

  32. References and Resources WEBSITES RELATED TO INFLUENZA CONT’D: http://www.tamiflu.com/ http://www.people.ku.edu/~jbrown/flu.html http://www.people.ku.edu/~jbrown/virus.html http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol4no3/webster.htm http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/pphb-dgspsp/fluwatch/index.html OTHER WEBSITES: http://www.allenshea.com/gifs/disguise.gif http://www.hemophiliagalaxy.com/1_patients/encyclopedia/images/dna.gif http://pbskids.org/lions/words/images/hen.gi http://www.army.mil/ http://www.oaklandzoo.org/atoz/azeleph.html http://www.leirpoll.com/rubber.htm

  33. References and Resources BOOKS: Textbook of Influenza. K. G. Nicholson, R. G. Webster, and A. J. Hay. 1998. Blackwell Science Ltd., London. The Invisible Enemy: A Natural History of Viruses. D. H. Crawford. 2000. Oxford University Press, Oxford. The Transmission of Epidemic Influenza. R. E. Hope-Simpson. 1992. Plenum Press, New York.

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