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The Transformation of the West 1450 - 1750

The Transformation of the West 1450 - 1750. Chapter 16. A New Era. 1450-1750 = Early Modern Period Science important More secular, less religious Nation-states begin to evolve. Sequence of developments: 1. Renaissance 2. Protestant Reformation 3. absolute monarchy 4. Enlightenment.

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The Transformation of the West 1450 - 1750

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  1. The Transformation of the West 1450 - 1750 Chapter 16

  2. A New Era • 1450-1750 = Early Modern Period • Science important • More secular, less religious • Nation-states begin to evolve • Sequence of developments: 1. Renaissance 2. Protestant Reformation 3. absolute monarchy 4. Enlightenment

  3. Renaissance • Challenged medieval values & styles • Largely an artistic movement • Began in Italy • New ideas of political organization • More commercialized economy • 2 phases: southern & northern • 15th century Italians in the Renaissance: • Michelangelo • Leonardo da Vinci • Raphael • Donatello • NiccoloMachiavelli: THE PRINCE

  4. Michelangelo Da Vinci Raphael

  5. Humanism & Change • Humanism: focus on humanity as center of intellectual & artistic endeavors • Northern humanists focused more on religion than southern (Italian) humanists • Merchants improved banking techniques • Became more capitalist • Experimented with new political forms & functions • Exchange of ambassadors & diplomacy between city-states

  6. New Tools, Practices • Gutenberg invented movable type (in the west) • German • “Gutenberg Bibles” • Spread ideas of the Reformation and scientific discovery • Agriculture: • New technology • Better stock-breeding methods • Higher production • Rapidly growing population

  7. European Population Density, c. 1600

  8. Family • Nuclear families • Late marriage ages • Age of marriage determined by access to real property • By 1500s, most Europeans married at age 28-29 • Freer movement, greater interaction for young children came from ideas of the Enlightenment

  9. Protestant Reformation • Martin Luther, German priest • Protested sale of indulgences • Salvation through faith • Bibles in local languages necessary • Against required celibacy • Support by German princes increased independence from control by the emperor • Could control local churches • Could seize church lands • Common people supported Lutheranism • Sanctioned money-making (Catholicism did not)

  10. New Protestant Churches • Henry VIII – English monarch • Established Anglican church • Religious/political turmoil for/by his children • Created new colonies in the Americas for religious freedom • Jean (John) Calvin – predestination • Wanted participation of all believers in church administration = wider access to government

  11. Western Europe in the Renaissance and Reformation

  12. Aftermath of Reformation • Catholic Reformation • Jesuits = new religious order • Edict of Nantes = France 1598 • Granted tolerance to Protestants • Helped end French civil wars of religion • Wars helped gain acceptance of the idea of religious pluralism

  13. War • Thirty Years War • Reduced German power & prosperity & population • Political independence in the Protestant Netherlands • Territorial toleration established • Spain lost power after religious wars

  14. Commercial Revolution • More imports of American bullion • Formation of great trading companies • Growing manufacturing, especially household production of textiles & metal products (by rural workers, besides farming) • Higher prices/inflation • New goods on the market • Average western peasant or artisan owned about 5 times more “things” than easterners • Produced a group without access to producing property: proletariat

  15. Science • Copernicus: used observation & calculation to determine order of the universe, different from Hellenistic theory • Harvey: circular movement of blood • Isaac Newton: Principia Mathematica • Deists: possibility of god, but set natural laws in motion & left it

  16. Rulers, Government • Absolute monarchy: • Had a pro army • Stopped parliamentary governments; used councils for advice • Growing bureaucracy • Constant warfare among monarchs • Louis XIV of France • Also in Prussia • Britain did not follow absolute monarchy (though king had power through divine right) & kept Parliament • Frederick the Great of Prussia: enlightened despotism

  17. Europe under Absolute Monarchy, 1715

  18. Merchantilism • Mercantilism: government should promote the internal economy to improve tax revenues & should limit imports

  19. New Ideas in the 18th Century • Enlightenment: new intellectual movement of 18th century • Caused by Scientific Revolution (caused by Renaissance) • Focus on improvements in material, social life • Religious toleration • Humans are naturally good, could be better • Humans behave by natural laws, based on reason • Humans do not respond to control • Adam Smith: advocated that governments should avoid regulation in favor of the operation of individual initiative and market forces

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