The term “hurricane” has its origin in the religions of past civilizations.

1. NWS Hydrology Operations &Tools for Decision Makers2012 Tropical SeasonMichael Moneypenny, HydrologistNWSFO Raleigh, NC The term “hurricane” has its origin in the religions of past civilizations. The Mayan storm god was named Hunraken. In addition, a god considered evil by the Taino people of the Caribbean was called Huracan.

4. Things to Think About • Every three years on average, the U.S. is struck five times, and two of those are major hurricanes. • From a Mason-Dixon Hurricane Awareness Poll: • 87% would evacuate if asked to do so, but almost all would want to take pets • 56% of individuals did not have a family disaster plan • 54% of individuals do not feel vulnerable to a hurricane, or related tornado or flooding • Most individuals think the forecast path of the storm is the most unreliable part of the forecast

5. Population State population has increased to 8.4 million Coastal populations have more than quadrupled Top 5 most populated counties Top 5 most densely populated counties

6. Population and Impacts Top 5 Fastest Growing Counties and Largest Municipalities A Hazel or Hugo sized-storm moving from SE coast into central NC would impact the most densely populated areas in the state. Winds in excess of 90 Mph along with 8-10 inches of rain would cut all major east-west and north-south roads in the state.

7. Tropical Cyclone Track Forecast Error has been Shrinking

8. 1970 48-hour forecast point over Wilmington, NC Average error = 300 nautical miles Now 48-hour forecast point over Wilmington, NC Average error = 80 nautical miles

9. Tropical Cyclone Intensity Forecast Error has shown only Modest Improvement

11. Tropical Cyclone Climatology

12. Percentage of Annual Rainfall Attributed to Tropical Cyclone Activity

13. River Forecast Centers

16. Major Inputs into the River Forecast Process Physical and Climatological Variables Topography = slope, channel geometry, presence of lakes Land use (urban = fast runoff, agriculture = better infiltration) Season = evaporation rate, public demand, transpiration Shorter Duration Variables Antecedent rainfall = Soil moisture Current river and stream levels / discharge Forecast Variables Quantitative precipitation forecast Temperature

18. Major Inputs into the River Forecast Process Physical and Climatological Variables Topography = slope, channel geometry, presence of lakes Land use (urban = fast runoff, agriculture = better infiltration) Season = evaporation rate, public demand, transpiration Shorter Duration Variables Antecedent rainfall = Soil moisture Current river and stream levels / discharge Forecast Variables Quantitative precipitation forecast Temperature

19. Viewing the Forecast

21. So, How Do We Account for Potential Forecast Error?

22. There is occasionally potential for heavier rainfall than was input into the official river forecast. We need to quantify and evaluate this uncertainty. EM has a need for contingency river forecasts, as decisions to deploy manpower and other resources must be made in the 24 to 48 hour time frame. The need is not for exact forecast stage readings, but rather, a ‘yes or no’ answer to the question “Is it going to flood?”, and a general idea as to the severity and location.

23. MMEFS Multi Meteorological Model Ensemble Forecast System

24. http://www.srh.noaa.gov/serfc/?n=mmefsfaq

30. http://www.noaawatch.gov/briefing.php

31. Presentation is Available to Download at: www.weather.gov/rah/downloads/HydroWebinar2012.pptx Link for the Toolbox www.erh.noaa.gov/rah/hydro/reference/river_toolbox.htm

32. Contact Information Nick Petro Warning Coordination Meteorologist NWS Raleigh Nicholas.Petro@noaa.gov (919) 515-8209 ext.223 Michael Moneypenny Hydrologist NWS Raleigh Michael.Moneypenny@noaa.gov (919) 515-8209 ext.224