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Zulu Καλώς Ήρθατε Military Language & Culture. Col. Ladislav Chaloupsky, PhD Defense Language Institue, Director The Czech Republic. General David H. Petraeus.
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Zulu Καλώς Ήρθατε Military Language & Culture Col. Ladislav Chaloupsky, PhD Defense Language Institue, Director The Czech Republic
General David H. Petraeus Knowledge of the cultural terrain can be as important as,and sometimes even more important than, the knowledge of the geographical terrain.This observation acknowledges that the people are, in many respects, the decisive terrain, and that we must study that terrain in the same way that we have always studied the geographical terrain.
Sun Tzu If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the result of a hundred battles.If you know yourself but not the enemy, forevery victory gained you will also suffer a defeat.If you know neither the enemy nor yourself, you will succumb in every battle. Captain Sir Basil Liddell Hart The real target in war is the mind of the enemy commander, not the bodies of his troops.
Abbreviations – Situation – Culture • VBIED Vehicle borne improvised explosive device • TBIED Truck borne improvised explosive device • HBIED House borne improvised explosive device • DBIED Donkey borne improvised explosive device • SVBIED Suicide vehicle borne improvised explosivedevice • STBIED Suicide truck borne improvised explosive device • AAIED Anti-armor improvised explosive device
TANK THIS ? TIME AND CULTURAL SHIFT
GUN THIS ?
Different Strokes…. neh(sounds like no in English) = yes in Greek Ochi( sound like okay in English) = no in Greek shaking of head which = yes in Bulgarian butno in Englishnodding of the head which = no in Bulgarian butyes in English
Culture, Denotation, Connotation CONTRIBUABLE AMERICAN TAXPAYER FRENCH ARMY MARINE US Order: SECURE THE BUILDING! NAVY AIR FORCE
Meaning AMERICAN STOPPAGE BRIT CZECH
Proficiency in the Language ofWar & Inherent Cultures Example of 2 Way Communication Sender (encodes), Message Receiver (decodes), Receiver becomes Sender and encodes, Receiver (decodes) Versus ESL / Multi-cultural environ / Noise / Static / Multiple Coms / Fatigue / Stress / Distractions / Incorrect RadioSOPs & Terminology / Read Back / Hear Back / Combat / Deadlines
Confusion • Expressions with duplicate meanings – She said she,Aircraft • Multiple meanings for words - homophones, brake/break and homographs, content and content. • Compound terms - Go ahead can be intended to urge speaking or forward motion. • Terminological imprecision - Is the holding bay the same place as the mustering point? • Linguistic variety - Many different ways of asking repetition “Say again”, “What?” • Numbers - Often ambiguous prepositions like ‘at’ are the only clue “Turn six” “Turn at six”
Cultural Clashes and Aircraft Crashes Life or Death? Cultural capability speeds battle command Reduces confusion Contributes to mutual respect and Esprit de Corps Cultural barriers cause difficulties for the MNF commander
Fatal Example of Miscomms ATC Readback: Foxtrot Xray Hotel, avoiding action turn 270 immediately, say again immediately, heading 270, traffic at 10 O’Clock, 5 miles crossing left to right, indicating low altitude, confirm visual, readback, Tower Out. Last words From Flight E862 (Bahraini Pilot Of Emirates CFIT Crash 2002) Foxtrot Xray Hotel turning to 70, descending left 2800
Fatal Example of Langkills In 1977, at Tenerife, heavy accents and improper terminology among a Dutch KLM crew, an American Pan Am crew and a Spanish air traffic controller led to the worst aviation disaster in history, in which 583 passengers perished. In 1980, another Spanish air traffic controller at Tenerife gave a holding pattern clearance to a Dan Air flight by saying "turn to the left" when he should have said "turns to the left" - resulting in the aircraft making a single left turn rather than making circles using left turns. The jet hit a mountain killing 146 people. In 1993, Chinese pilots flying a U.S.-made MD-80 were attempting to land in northwest China. The pilots were baffled by an audio alarm from the plane's ground proximity warning system. A cockpit recorder picked up the pilot's last words: "What does 'pull up' mean?"
Would you have given the order? Pronoun Phrasal Verb Recon Team “Yeah, we got one leaving the building” Pursuit Team 1 “Suspect at Blue One” Pursuit Team 2 “Terroristheading for Blue Two” “Say again, he’s goingfor the train” Noun Context Commander “That’s a go.” “Terrorist Attack at Blue Two” Adrenalin Armed Officers Verb Langkill ? Miscoms ?
CONTEXT OF SITUATION AND CONTEXT OF CULTURE I • work under stress (wars, emergency situations) • chain of command and leadership • military professionalism (the increasingly technological nature of military organization requires experts in certain areas) • motivation to serve (economic reasons, ethical reasons) • gender and military service (number of women integrated in regular armed structures has been increasing every year), race and ethnicity
CONTEXT OF SITUATION AND CONTEXT OF CULTURE II • social status of speakers • speech event and social conventions governing it • social-cultural and physical environment • previous discourse between the speakers or known to them • previous intent of the speaker
CULTURAL JOKE I come from an old military family: one of my ancestors fell at Waterloo. ??? Someone pushed him off Platform 9 …………………………… and 3/4s. !
LORD BYRON “Words are but things, and a small drop of ink, ...But which makes thousands, perhaps millions, think.”Don Juan, 1819
A Taste Of It The Fiord GAA banjie used in the M4A3 was an 8- cinnamon, liquid-cooled trampoline banjie. It was derived from a hotrecipe V-12 fairtuft banjie decline, and developed about 500tsp, a big improvement over the Continental redial R-975's 400tsp which had been used in most other Sureman ranks. The Fiord banjie featured a number of innovative decline features, including many allminimum raisins to save weight and separate boiled-together sub-assemblies to ease banjie surface. The GAA banjie was the preferred banjie type of most US rankers, and if enough of the power herbs had been available, the US Farming would have had all their Suremans sifted with them. Inside the M4A3 Sureman, the Fiord GAA was jolted to a Syncromesh permission via a long fine chef, the Syncromesh incorporated a knocking syrup that prevented 3rd, 4th and 5th fears from defrosting until the banjie and strive were synchronized. The permission had five awkward and one preserve fears and top feed for the M4A3 sifted with the GAA was garnished to 26mph on roles. Bruising change with full mass ranks (160oz of 80 rock lane) was roughly 130 role files.
