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Accessibility and Course Management Systems Marsha Allen – CTRS, Web Manager Center for Assistive Technology & Environmental Access (CATEA) College of Architecture, Georgia Tech 404-894-4960 (voice/tty) 404-894-9320 (fax) gradeproject@coa.gatech.edu. Sponsored By.

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  1. Accessibility and Course Management SystemsMarsha Allen – CTRS, Web ManagerCenter for Assistive Technology & Environmental Access (CATEA) College of Architecture, Georgia Tech404-894-4960 (voice/tty) 404-894-9320 (fax)gradeproject@coa.gatech.edu

  2. Sponsored By (GRADE) Georgia Tech Research on Accessible Distance Education • Training and Research • Fact Sheets & Technical assistance • Accessible Course Models • Guidelines for Accessible Online Materials www.catea.org/grade/ Office of Post Secondary Education (OPE), U.S. Dept. of Education, Grant #P333A020050.

  3. Disabilities Access Plan PowerPoint Video Flash Word Excel PDF HTML Script/Java Accesselearning www.accesselearning.net

  4. Southeast Disability and Business Technical Assistance Center • One of 10 regional centers funded by NIDRR, U.S. Dept of Education. • Technical assistance and training on ADA and Accessible IT in Education. Contact Your Regional ADA & IT Center 800-949-4232 (v/tty) www.adata.org 800-949-4232(v/tty) 404-385-0641(fax) www.sedbtac.org

  5. Objectives • Identify 3 barriers in a course management system. • Describe 2 techniques for creating and posting accessible content in a course management system. • State 3 resources on accessibility in course management systems.

  6. NEWS FLASH … • WebCT and Blackboard signed a formal agreement expressing intent to merge companies. • Merger to be finalized later this year or early next year, subject to regulatory and other approvals. • Combined company will be named Blackboard and led by Blackboard President and CEO, Michael Chasen.

  7. Hidden Blind/Low Vision Deaf/Hard of Hearing Physical/Mobility Cognitive Neurological Learning Disability Head/Brain Injury Psychiatric Health/Medical Environment Technology Temporarily able-bodied Attitudes are the real disability: people first! What is Disability?

  8. Students with Disabilities in K-12 • 1 in 12 (5.2 million) in U.S. have disability. • 2x special education vs. overall school enrollment. • Percentage graduating from high school with diploma has risen steadily in recent years. Source: US Census, 2000

  9. Students with Disabilities in Higher Education • 9% (1.3 million) college freshmen with disability; tripled over the last 20 years. Source: American Council on Education, 2004 • Disability 1st identified in postsecondary level: • 31% Specific Learning Disabilities (SLD) Source: NCSPES, 2002 • 44% Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) Source: NCD People with Disabilities & Postsecondary Ed, 2003

  10. Disability and Computer Access • 49% Internet changed lives. • Spend 2x as many hours online and using email. • Over 50% owners use for educational applications. • Largest niche of online buyers, i.e. Silver Surfer

  11. “Universal design of instructional materials and activities makes the learning goals achievable by individuals with wide differences in their abilities to see, hear, speak, move, read, write, understand English, attend, organize, engage, and remember. This is built into the design and systems and not added on after-the-fact.” Source: Council for Exceptional Children

  12. Business Case for Accessibility: Better Usability • What is required for access by users with disabilities improves flexibility for all users: • Well-organized content • Screen readers rely and improves readability. • Proper structure and adjustable font size • Screen magnifiers to reflow text and flexible varying screens. • Keyboard shortcuts • Users without mouse and increased productivity.

  13. Business Case for Accessibility: Better Usability • Usability redesign: 100% increase sales/conversion. • Captioning helps language and learning. • Compatibility across technology versions. • More effective from start vs. scramble-fix. • Decreased download time.

  14. Business Case for Accessibility: Make/Save $$$ • More people using site; tap into affluent niches • i.e. Baby Boomers, PDAs, phones. • Positive, free publicity • Socially responsible; standards compliance. • Easier to manage • Separate content from presentation. • Avoid time, cost, and stress to retrofit later. • Avoid potential litigation.

  15. NEWS FLASH … • U.S. Office for Civil Rights (OCR) recently received complaints from 3 students concerning access to higher education courses. • Two complaints relate to distance learning courses offered by two on-line Universities: • Walden University: accessibility of Blackboard platform. • Capella University: access to WebCT.

  16. Laws and Standards for Accessibility • Federal Law • Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act • Americans with Disabilities Act • Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act • State Laws on Accessibility (list from ITTATC Project) www.ittatc.org/laws/state_prototype.php • Standards and Guidelines • W3C World Wide Web Consortium Guidelines www.w3c.org • IMS Guidelines for Accessible Learning Applications www.imsglobal.org/accessibility/accessiblevers/

  17. Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act • Different chapters, titles, sections etc. • Title 29, Chapter 16, Section 794 • 504: Nondiscrimination under Federal grants and programs www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/29/794.html • 504: Findings and purposes • Needs for AT to help those with disabilities access information. • Information (electronic) needs to be accessible so AT will work. www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/29/3001.html

  18. Americans with Disabilities Act • Passed 1990 before Internet. • Title II • Applies to any local, state, and public organizations as well its activities, services, and programs. • Effective communication applies to Internet per Department of Justice. www.adabasics.org

  19. W3C: World Wide Web Consortium Guidelines • Global, industry-based initiative • Voluntary compliance • Web Content, User Agent, Authoring Tools, etc. www.w3c.org

  20. Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act • Federal departments must: • Accommodate employees with disabilities. • Design accessible websites. • Procure accessible information technology. • Interpreted applicable to state entities, including public colleges and universities. www.section508.gov

  21. If Section 508 adopted as policy … • For 504: likely demonstrate ”nondiscrimination and AT access” requirement. • For ADA: likely demonstrate compliance with “effective communication” requirement. • For W3C WCAG: likely meet minimum Level A, Priority 1 of which 508 was based.

  22. Access Guidelines for Distance Learning • Developed by GRADE Project and MERLOT • Format: Must, Should, May • PDF Files • Excel Documents • Flash Applications • PowerPoint Files • Video and Media • Word Documents www.catea.org/grade/guides/introduction.php

  23. Barriers to Access in Course Management Systems • Generally occur when CMS or posted materials are not designed to interact with assistive technology.

  24. What is Assistive Technology (AT)? • Assists a person with a disability in performing a task that most people can do without such technology. www.assistivetech.net

  25. Barriers in WebCT • Lack of tutorial on using WebCT with AT. • Frames-based interface. • Inaccessible tools such as Chat, Whiteboard, etc. • Pop-up windows and content in new windows. • Adding images but no option for alternative text. • Close placement of elements difficult.

  26. Considerations in Breaking Down Barriers for Students with Disabilities

  27. Frames in WebCT • Each as separate web page makes difficult for screenreaders and refreshable Braille displays to access. • Examples of Frames: • Inaccessible Frames: Yours is a Very Bad Hotelwww.hyperorg.com/misc/DoubleTreeShow_files/frame.html • Accessible Frames: University of Washington • www.washington.edu/accessit/AU/phys101a.html

  28. Mouse Only Commands • Inaccessible to users not using a mouse due to disability or environment: • PDA • Cell-phone • Other mobile and web-enabled devices • Keyboard • One-hand, hands-free

  29. Timed Responses • Affects users who need extra time for reading and writing: • Physical or cognitive disabilities • Slow connection • English as second language • Difficulty or unable to effectively participate in “chat” as pace too fast. • Inform user and offer option for extended time. ** In WebCT, adjust time for class but not individual student.

  30. WebCT and Physical Impairment • Login through Opera to use header navigation and list of links. • Browser not supported message. • If try to use anyway, cannot access all links. • Must use another browser which unfamiliar and less efficient plus may require download/install == more time.

  31. Readability, Context, & Alternate Format • Aoccdrnig to a rscheearchr at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it deosn't mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be at the rghit pclae. The rset can be a tatol mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit porbeslm. Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe. Amzanig huh! • Cluttered, poorly organized, and inconsistent screen layouts decrease comprehension for students who have difficulty reading, writing, and processing information as well as screenreader users.

  32. WebCT and Learning Disability • Difficulty in reading commonly results in accommodation of more time for tests. • Unable to readily adjust and apply time settings for individual students or course material.

  33. Screenreaders and Text-to-Speech Software • Comprehension affected by content structure and reading order of technology as well as need for alternative text descriptions for visual materials, graphics, and media.

  34. Hearing is Seeing … • Click here • Click here • Click here • Document • Here • Download • Screenreaders • Get • Information • One • Word • At • A • Time • And • By • Viewing • Links • Or • Headings • In • Page.

  35. Reading Order of Tables

  36. Example of Screenreader View of Table • “There is a 30% chance of Classes at the University of rain showers this morning, Wisconsin will resume on but they should stop before September 3rd. the weekend.”

  37. Operating System Access Features • Accessibility Wizard • High Contrast • ShowSounds • Serial Keys • Mouse Keys • Keyboard: • Sticky, Bounce, Slow, Repeat

  38. WebCT and Visual Impairment • Login using IE with high contrast settings. • Lack of carryover for high contrast settings. • Need to “ignore” styles in browser accessibility options • Inconsistent application of user preferred size and color. • Lack of heading information for user orientation (since visual styling used).

  39. WebCT and Visual Impairment • Teaching assistant using screenreader cannot easily navigate. • Frames with scrolling windows • Fixed heading size. • Result in more time and errors, esp. GRADE Book. • Tables lack id and association of header to data cells.

  40. Blackboard and Visual Impairment • Difficulty with login and navigation • Provide “alt-text” for buttons and images. • Make links distinct. • Posted materials not accessible. • Make accessible webpage. • Provide in text or accessible Word document. • Difficulty with digital drop-box to submit work • Allow student to email.

  41. Code for Alt-text of Images Images Federal Court Concepts • Alternative-text (alt-text) #1 solution • Provide same info by context Mailbox Letter entering mailbox Mail

  42. No alt-text = no understanding kwajex.gif (45k)

  43. Alt-text of Images • When adding images in CMS, lack option for alternative text. • May need to edit code: <img src=“logo.gif” border=“0” height=“150” width=“200” alt=“Federal Court Concepts”> Federal Court Concepts

  44. Magnification Software and CCTV • Result in viewing small portion of screen. • Cluttered webpages and inconsistent formats make navigation and comprehension difficult.

  45. Seeing Through Others Eyes … Macular Degeneration In general, magnification and high levels of illumination will assist in reading and other near vision tasks. Photos courtesy of National Eye Institute http://www.nei.nih.gov/photo/sims/sims.htm

  46. Cataracts Photos courtesy of National Eye Institute http://www.nei.nih.gov/photo/sims/sims.htm Age related cataracts are often yellow or brown causing loss of sensitivity to blue.

  47. Diabetic Retinopathy Photos courtesy of National Eye Institute http://www.nei.nih.gov/photo/sims/sims.htm This is the largest single cause of visual impairment among those of working age.

  48. Tunnel Vision Photos courtesy of National Eye Institute http://www.nei.nih.gov/photo/sims/sims.htm This impairment often makes it possible to read small print but not large print.

  49. 20/200 Legally Blind View of Software

  50. Aging/Cataract View of Software

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