Cardiovascular, Lymphatic and Systematic Diseases

1. Cardiovascular, Lymphatic and Systematic Diseases

2. What is bacteremia? • Bacteremia refers to a bacterial invasion into blood circulation. • Bacteremia can occur when you brush your teeth, pick a scab, or squeeze a zit. • Bacteremia may also result from any type of dental or surgical procedure. • Bacteremia may or may not cause any symptoms, depending on whether the organism was able to replicate themselves in the blood stream. • For most people, the immune system should "notice" the organisms immediately and respond with specialized white blood cells to search out and destroy them. • Of course, it is possible for bacteremia to progress to septicemia, especially if an individual has a weakened immune system.

3. What is septicemia? • Septicemia, sometimes called sepsis, also refers to the presence of bacteria in the blood, but this is an infection that that moves rapidly and is life-threatening. • Simply put, septicemia is bacteremia with replicating bacteria to cause an infection. • Septicemia is characterized by a combination of different processes going on in the body, which are toxemia, bacteremia, and septic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) • Septicemia can result from a kidney infection, pneumonia, meningitis, endocarditis, osteomyelitis and other illnesses.

4. Symptoms • Septicemia can begin with spiking fevers, chills, rapid breathing, and rapid heart rate. The person looks very ill. • The symptoms rapidly progress to shock with fever or decreased body temperature (hypothermia), falling blood pressure, confusion or other changes in mental status, and blood clotting problems that lead to a specific type of red spots on the skin (petechiae and ecchymosis). • There may be decreased or no urine output.

5. Physical signs • Low blood pressure • Low body temperature or fever • Signs of associated disease (such as meningitis, epiglottitis, pneumonia, or cellulitis)

6. Treatment • Septicemia is a serious condition that requires a hospital stay. You may be admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU). • Fluids and medicines are given by an IV to maintain the blood pressure. • Oxygen will be given. Antibiotics are used to treat the infection. • Plasma or other blood products may be given to correct any clotting abnormalitie

7. Diagnosis • Blood culture • Blood gases • Clotting studies • PT • PTT • Fibrinogen levels • CSF culture • Culture of any suspect skin lesion • Platelet count • Urine culture

8. Puerpural fever • Also known as childbed fever • Caused by group A, beta hemolytic streptococci (S. pyogenes) • Sample – blood collection Symptoms: • Fever-flu • Abdominal pain • Foul-smelling vaginal discharge • Abnormal vaginal bleeding

9. Misdiagnose – placental remnants / bacterial infection in vaginal

10. Background • Acquired thru direct contact with Bacillus anthracisspores from infected domestic animals • The animal that plant-eating such as cattle, sheep and goat • Few yrs ago, used as biological weapons • The bacteria is Gram +ve, large, facultative anaerobic and endospore-forming rod • Endospore form only under aerobic condition, so only when the blood spill of the body/tissues • Diagnosis from blood smears • Treated by penicillin and tetracycline

11. Types of anthrax • Cutaneous anthrax • Respiratory anthrax • Intestinal anthrax

13. Lyme Diseases • Also known as Borreliosis • Lyme disease is caused by the bacterium Borreliaburgdorferi (B. burgdorferi). Certain ticks carry these bacteria. The ticks pick up the bacteria when they bite mice or deer that are infected with Lyme disease. You can get the disease if you are bitten by an infected tick.

14. Stages • Stage 1 is called primary Lyme disease. • Stage 2 is called secondary Lyme disease and early disseminated Lyme disease. • Stage 3 is called tertiary Lyme disease and chronic persistant Lyme disease

15. Symptoms • Chills • Fever • Headache • Lethargy • Muscle pain

16. Later stage • Body-wide itching • Joint inflammation • Stiff neck • Unusual or strange behavior

17. Lyme disease here may be a "bulls eye" rash, a flat or slightly raised red spot at the site of the tick bite. Often there is a clear area in the center. It can be larger than 1 - 3 inches wide.

18. Diagnosis • A blood test can be done to check for antibodies to the bacteria that cause Lyme disease. The most commonly used is the ELISA for Lyme disease test. A western blot test is done to confirm ELISA results. • A physical exam may show joint, heart, or brain problems in people with advanced Lyme disease

19. Rikettsial systematic diseases Short notes submit after Raya

20. Dengue fever • Caused by arbovirus • Also called as breakbone fever • Severe bone and joint pain • Followed by loss appetite, nausea, high fever, headache, weakness and rashes • Main vector - Aedesaegypti (Asia) and Aedesalbopictus (US) • Diagnosis thru serological test • No vaccine available

21. Protozoan disease (malaria)*

22. Leishmaniasis • Is protozoan infection (Leishmaniadonovani) by sandflies • Attack only blood cell and will be phagocyte by macrophage • So protozoan continue replication in macrophage and release during rupture • Also known as black poison • Irregular fever, spleen enlargement • Caused fatal after 6mnths - 2-3 yrs

23. Toxoplasmosis • Caused by toxoplasma gondii • Infected thru contact wt animal feces • Cat that usually feed with undercooked raw meat (raw beef) • That can go thru the placenta and attack the fetus of infected mother

24. Babesiosis • Transmitted by ticks • Diagnosis thru blood smear • Treatment using chloroquine

25. Malaria • caused by a parasite (Plasmodium species) that is transmitted from one human to another by the bite of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. In humans, the parasites (called sporozoites) travel to the liver, where they mature and release another form, the merozoites. These enter the bloodstream and infect the red blood cells.

26. Infection period • The parasites multiply inside the red blood cells, which then rupture within 48 to 72 hours, infecting more red blood cells.

27. Cont. • The majority of symptoms are caused by the massive release of merozoites into the bloodstream, the anemia resulting from the destruction of the red blood cells, and the problems caused by large amounts of free hemoglobin released into circulation after red blood cells rupture. • Falciparum malaria, one of four different types of malaria, affects a greater proportion of the red blood cells than the other types and is much more serious. It can be fatal within a few hours of the first symptoms

28. Symptoms • Anemia • Chills • Coma • Convulsion • Fever • Headache • Jaundice • Muscle pain • Nausea • Stools, bloody • Sweating • Vomiting

29. Transmission • Malaria can also be transmitted from a mother to her unborn baby (congenitally) and by blood transfusions. • Malaria can be carried by mosquitoes in temperate climates, but the parasite disappears over the winter.

30. Diagnosis and treatment • During a physical examination, the doctor may identify an enlarged liver or an enlarged spleen. Malaria blood smears taken at 6 to 12 hour intervals confirm the diagnosis • Chloroquineis a frequently used anti-malarial medication, but quinidine or quinine plus doxycycline, tetracycline, or clindamycin; or atovaquone plus proguanil (Malarone); ormefloquine or artesunate; or the combination of pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine, are given for chloroquine-resistant infections. • The choice of medication depends in part on where you were when you were infected.