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The P.R.C.

The P.R.C. Geography. 20% of world’s population Middle Kingdom Geographic isolation causes ethnocentrism Cultural Isolation Population Density 80% live on eastern 10% of land. Percentages of Different Landforms. Pacific “Rim of Fire”. Rivers. Huang He 1 st civilization

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The P.R.C.

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  1. The P.R.C.

  2. Geography • 20% of world’s population • Middle Kingdom • Geographic isolation causes ethnocentrism • Cultural Isolation • Population Density • 80% live on eastern 10% of land

  3. Percentages of Different Landforms

  4. Pacific “Rim of Fire”

  5. Rivers • Huang He • 1st civilization • China’s Sorrow • Loess • Yangtze River • Provide fish, irrigation, hydropower, living space and transportation

  6. The Polluted Yellow River Population Density

  7. Winter Monsoons

  8. Summer Monsoons

  9. Agriculture • Intensive agriculture and terrace farming attempt to feed 1,600,000,000Chinese

  10. “Brown” China vs. “Green” China Wheat Dominant Pasture and Oasis Rice Dominant Double-crop rice

  11. Fuels, Power, Minerals, & Metals in China

  12. Belief Systems • Confucius philosophy • Creates basis of culture • Family most important • Human nature is good • Duty is to obey • Filial Piety

  13. Belief Systems • Buddhism • Four Noble Truths • Eightfold Path • Nirvana

  14. Neolithic 3,000 B.C. 1,500 B.C. Shang 1523 B.C. – 1028 B.C. Chou 1027 B.C. – 256 B.C. Ch’in 221 B.C. - 206 B.C. Han 206 B.C.-220A.D. Sui 581-618 T’ang 618-906 Sung 960-1279 Yuan (Mongol) 1280-1365 Ming 1368 - 1644 Ch’ing (Manchu) 1644-1912

  15. Qin [Ch’in] Dynasty, 221-206 B.C.E. • Established China’s first empire • Shi Huangdi (221-206 B.C.E) • Legalist rule • Bureaucratic administration • Centralized control • Military expansion • Book burnings --> targetedConfucianists • Buried protestors alive! • Built large section of the Great Wall

  16. Shi Huangdi’s Terra Cotta Army

  17. The Great Wall - 200 B.C. - keep foreigners out Dynastic Rule (1200-1912) - Feudal System Emperor Nobles War Lords Peasants Merchants

  18. Han Dynasty, 206 B.C.E.-220 C.E. • “People of the Han” --> original Chinese • Paper invented [105 B.C.E.] • Silk Road trade develops; improves life for many • Buddhism introduced into China • Expanded into Central Asia • Liu Sheng Tomb (d. 113 BCE) His jade suit has 2498 pieces!

  19. Han – Roman Empire Connection

  20. Sui Dynasty, 581-618 C.E. • “Land Equalization” System –> land redistribution. • Unified coinage. • Grand Canal constructed. • Established an army of professional soldiers. • People were overworked and overtaxed!

  21. Cultural Diffusion

  22. Tang Dynasty, 618-907 C.E. • Imperial examination system perfected. • Liberal attitude towards all religions. • Spread of Buddhism in China • Golden Age of foreign relations with other countries. • Japan, Korea, Persia

  23. Tang Dynasty, 618-907 C.E. • New technologies: • Printing --> moveable print  • Porcelain • Gunpowder • Mechanical clocks • More cosmopolitan culture. • Reestablished the safety of the Silk Road. • Tea comes into China from Southeast Asia. 

  24. Foot-Binding in Tang China • Broken toes by 3 years of age. • Size 5 ½ shoe on the left

  25. Song [Sung] Dynasty, 960-1279 C.E. • Creation of an urban, merchant, middle class. • Increased emphasis on education & cheaper availability of printed books. • Magnetic compassmakes China a great sea power!

  26. Rice Cultivation Began Under the Song

  27. Mongol Invasions

  28. Mongolian Empire

  29. Xinjiang Region – Typical Uygher [Mongol] “Yurt”

  30. The MONGOLS [“Golden Horde”] • Temujin --> Genghis Khan [“Universal Ruler”] 1162 - 1227 • from the steppe [dry, grass-covered plains of Central Asia]

  31. The MONGOLS [“Golden Horde”] • Genghis Khan’s Tax Laws: • If you do not pay homage, we will take your prosperity. • If you do not have prosperity, we will take your children. • If you do not have children, we will take your wife. • If you do not have a wife, we will take your head. • Used cruelty as a weapon --> some areas never recovered from Mongol destruction!

  32. Mongol Rule • Mongols Unite China under Genghis Khan • Build capital at Beijing • Marco Polo visits and finds noodles, gunpowder, ice cream and coal.

  33. Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty, 1279-1368 C.E. • Kublai Khan [1260-1294] • Pax Mongolica [“Mongol Peace”] • Tolerated Chinese culturebut lived apart from them. • No Chinese in top govt. posts. • Believed foreigner were moretrustworthy. • Encouraged foreign trade & foreign merchants to live and work in China. • Marco Polo

  34. Marco Polo’s Travels • A Venetian merchant who traveled through Yuan China: 1271-1295 • “Black Stones” [coal] • Gunpowder. • Noodles.

  35. Yuan Dynasty, 1279-1368 C.E. • The Black Plague was spread by the Mongols in the mid-14c. • Sent fleets against Japan. • 1281 --> 150,000 warriors • Defeated by kamikazi [“winds of the gods”] • Kublai Khan experienced several humiliating defeats in Southeast Asia late in his life.

  36. The Ming Dynasty 1368-1644

  37. Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644 C.E. • Golden Age of Chinese Art • Moderation • Softness • Gracefulness • Three different schools ofpainting developed. • Hundreds of thousands ofworkers constructed theForbidden City.

  38. Admiral Zheng He (Cheng Ho) • Ming “Treasure Fleet” • Each ship 400’ long & 160’ wide • China’s “Columbus?” 1371-1435

  39. Admiral Zheng He’s Voyages • First Voyage: 1405-1407 [62 ships; 27,800 men]. • Second Voyage: 1407-1409 [Ho didn’t go on this trip]. • Third Voyage: 1409-1411 [48 ships; 30,000 men]. • Fourth Voyage: 1413-1415 [63 ships; 28,500 men]. • Fifth Voyage: 1417-1419 • Sixth Voyage: 1421-1422 • Emperor Zhu Gaozhi cancelled future trips and ordered ship builders and sailors to stop work. • Seventh Voyage: 1431-1433 • Emperor Zhu Zhanji resumed the voyages in 1430 to restore peaceful relations with Malacca & Siam • 100 ships and 27,500 men; Cheng Ho died on the return trip.

  40. Imperialism in China

  41. Manchu Dynasty(1644-1912) • No European had visited China since Marco Polo • China had products that Europe wanted • Porcelain, silk, jade and tea

  42. Pre-Industrial Revolution • Pre 1800s British had unfavorable balance of trade • strict limits on foreign traders. • China enjoyed a trade surplus, exporting more than it imported. Westerners had a trade deficit with China, buying more from the Chinese than they sold to them

  43. Opium War 1839-1842 • British smuggle opium • Chinese become addicted • Chinese gov. resent opium trade • destroys 20,000 chests of opium

  44. Opium War - Results • 1842 - Treaty of Nanjing • Chinese pay indemnities • British receive several trading ports • Britain gains Hong Kong • Extra-territoriality granted to British citizens living in China

  45. Decline of Manchu Irrigation systems neglected= massive flooding of Huang He valley. • The population explosion = hardship for China’s peasants. • Continued Chinese isolation • Political corruption

  46. Taiping Rebellion - 1850-64 • Peasants revolt against: • high taxes needed to pay for Opium War • gov.’s failure to control opium and foreigners • Westerners help weak Manchu put down rebellion • Over 40 million Chinese killed

  47. Manchu became puppets of the west

  48. Sino-Japanese Wars 1894 &1910 • Japan wins • Takes • Korea • Taiwan • Manchuria

  49. Spheres of Influence in China

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