The Greek City-States Chapter 5

1. The Greek City-States Chapter 5

2. Chapter 5 Sections 1-5 • Essential Questions: 1. What influence did the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations have on Greek civilization? 2. How did geography influence the history of Ancient Greece? 3. What was important about the concept of the polis (Greek city-states)?

3. Early Greek Civilizations A. Minoans • Lived on Island of Crete c. 2000 B.C. • Dominated trade in the Eastern Mediterranean • Produced pottery, art - frescoes • Capital of Knosses, no fortifications, strong navy • People were athletic, Women held high positions

4. B. Legend of King Minos • He kept a half-human, half-bull monster, the Minotaur, inside a labyrinth. (ruins of the labyrinth have been found) • Minoans sacrificed bulls, other animals to the gods. Evidence of human sacrifices also exists.

5. C. End of the Minoans • Tidal waves weakened civilization around 1628 B.C. • About 1400 B.C. Mycenaeans from the Greek mainland conquered Crete.

6. D. Myceneans • War-like people, Controlled Mainland Greece - 1600 B.C. to 1200 B.C. • Built fort like cities in the Peloponnesus (Southern Greece) and north-central Greece • By 1200 B.C. earthquakes and warfare destroyed most cities • Adopted Minoan writing • Next 500 years - Greek Dark Ages – gave up writing, and trading with Asia, Egypt

7. II. The Rise of Greek City-States • A. Characteristics of Greek City-States - Polis • Developed between 800 and 700 B.C. • Most had less then 10,000 people (most slaves and non-citizens) • Only free adult males were citizens • Most city states – original fort built on a hill or acropolis • Each city-state had an agora – market place, public meeting place

8. A. Continued • Each city state had own government, laws, calendar, money, system of weights and measures • All Greek city-states shared same language, religious ideas, social patterns, came together for festivals

9. B. Geography • Mountains and the sea - major roles in Greek History – allowed for development of city-states instead of large empire. • Mountains cut up Greek mainland. Isolated each city-state. • Rivers –short, did not aid in travel or trade. • Most land close to sea, many islands - Traders, Sailors, Fisherman

10. III. Early Greek Government, Society and Culture A. The Illiad and the Odyssey • Oral poetry - gathered into two great epics around 700 B.C. • Author- Homer, but no one knows this for sure • Illiad – tells story of Trojan War • Odyssey – tells the story of Odysseus’ adventures on the way home from the war

11. B. Greek Religious Beliefs - Polytheistic Three Reasons for Greek Religion • 1. Explain nature • 2. Explain emotions, individual lack of self-control • 3. Thought religion would bring long life, good luck, good harvest Greeks did not believe religion saved them from sin. All spirits of people went to a gloomy underworld ruled by Hades.

12. C. Myths/ Gods and Goddesses • Traditional stories, myths, about Gods, Goddesses and Heroes – explained the world. • Gods would speak to priests at special places called oracles. • Pleasing Gods was important. Best example – Olympic Games, first held in 776 B.C.

13. D. From Kings to Democracy • 700 B.C. – 600 B.C. Kings – Nobles – Aristocrats (best people) ruled city-states • 600 B.C – Wealthy non-aristocrats and hoplites, heavy infantry, gained power • 650 B.C. – 500 B.C. – Tyrants ruled many city-states with common people’s support • At same time idea of popular government begins to develop

14. D. cont. • Athens develops democracy – a govt. in which citizens take part • Sparta – two kings

15. IV. Sparta and Athens A. Comparing Athens and Sparta

17. V. Daily Life in Athens A. The Athenian Economy • Trade – vases, olives, grapes, wine B. Home and Family Life • Marriage and family life very important • Women considered inferior • Boys got education; girls trained for household • On reading and writing, Menander wrote, "Teaching a woman to read and write? What a terrible thing to do! Like feeding a vile snake on more poison."

18. C. Education and Military Service • Elementary boys – reading writing, grammar, poetry, music, gymnastics • Older boys - government, math, ethics and rhetoric • Eighteen-year-old males -one year in military

19. VI. Expansion of Greece – Persian Wars A. Causes of the Persian Wars - (500 B.C.- 479 B.C.) • About 500 B.C. - Greek City-States (Ionian city-states) in Asia Minor revolt against Persians • Athens helps these city-states

20. B. Persian War Timeline • 500 B.C. - Ionian Revolt in Asia minor • 490 B.C. - Battle of Marathon • 481 B.C. - Greek League formed against Persia, Sparta in charge of army, and Athens, the navy. • 480 B.C. - Battle at Thermopylae • 479 B.C. - Battle at Salamis • 479 B.C. - Battle at Plataea- END OF PERSIAN INVASION

21. C. Battle of Marathon • 490 B.C - Darius, King of the Persians, invades Greece to punish Athens. • Athens defeats Darius, even though outnumbered. • Considered most important battle in Greek history. • WHY? Had the Athenians lost, Greece would have eventually come under the control of the Persians and all the subsequent culture and accomplishments of the Greeks would probably not have taken the form they did.

22. D. Battle of Thermopylae • 480 B.C – Darius’ son Xerxes leads Persian army and fleet against Greece. • 300 heroic Spartans block Persians for 3 days at mountain pass of Thermopylae. • All Spartans killed but gives other city states time to prepare. • Athens leader, Themistocles, tells Athenians to leave city, Persians destroy Athens. • Athens does destroy many Persian ships.

23. E. Battle of Platea • 479 B.C. Sparta and Athens join forces • Defeat Persians to end war.

24. F. Results of Persian War • Greek city states defeat Persia and unite into the Delian League – an alliance of more than 140 city-states • Athens dictated what tribute (money) was to be part of the league - some city-states sent ships, men instead of money. • Money was kept on Island of Delos • Athens builds an empire based on league • Occasionally, Athens uses force to keep allies in line. • In 454 B.C. Pericles transfers money to Athens

25. VII. Age of Pericles • He was a great general, orator, statesman • In public life from 461 B.C. – 429 B.C. • Under Pericles - Athenian democracy reached its height • Time of stability and prosperity • Rebuilds Athens, including Parthenon • Weights and measures standardized throughout Athenian empire • Athenian navy keeps Persian out of Aegean Sea

26. VII. The Peloponnesian Wars A. Causes • Underlying cause - Sparta fears the growth and power of Athens • Immediate causes – • Athenian navy intervened in a trade dispute between Sparta ally, Corinth and Corcyra • Athenian empire levied sanctions against another Spartan ally

27. B. Peloponnesian Wars Timeline 431 B.C. – 404 B.C. (27 years) • 431 B.C. – First Phrase begins, 10 years of intermittent fighting • 429 B.C. - Pericles dies, allows for irresponsible leadership • 421 B.C. - Peace of Nicias • 415-413 B.C. – Athenians attack Syracuse in Sicily, Athens suffers great losses • 411 B.C. - Oligarchy overtakes democracy in Athens • 410 B.C. – Democracy restored • 404 B.C. – Sparta with help from Persians blocks Athens food supply, Athens surrenders, Peloponnesian War ends.

28. C. Results of Peloponnesian War • Lysander, Spartan Admiral, installs an oligarchic government (the Thirty Tyrants) at Athens. • Athens regains democracy but never regains former importance. • For about 30 years afterward Sparta was main power in Greece. • All city-states left weak

29. D. History of the Peloponnesian War • Written by Thucydides – Athenian General • An account of the battles, conflicts, and politics of the Peloponnesian War • It is widely considered a classic and regarded as one of the earliest scholarly works of history.

30. IV. Daily Life in Athens • Home and Family Life • Marriages were arranged • Women were inferior to men • Citizens but could not vote/own land

31. B. Education and Military Service • Great value on education • Also valued athletics • Education helped spread Greek language and culture around the Mediterranean • Age 18 men begin military training.