Diffusion of Mobile Devices in Education

1. Diffusion of Mobile Devices in Education Kanelia Cannon EDUC 7101, Walden University

2. What is Diffusion? Diffusion is the process in which an innovation is communicated through certain channels over time among the members of a social system. -Everett M. Rogers, Diffusion of Innovations

3. Mobile Devices in Education

4. Need What problem or need existed that gave rise to mobile devices in education?

5. Research What research organization or people developed a solution to this problem or need? What were their findings? Who were the “lead thinkers” for this innovation?

6. Development What problems did this innovation encounter in the development process? Who was the intended audience for the innovation?

7. Commercialization Describe the production, manufacturing, packaging, marketing, and distribution of this innovation.

8. Knowledge Mobile Devices (3G)

9. Persuasion http://www.deanz.org.nz/home/conferenceDocs/MacCallum.pdf http://joanganzcooneycenter.org/Reports-23.html

10. Decision, Implementation, & Confirmation M-learning: how much of what has been diffused? A systematic literature review

11. S-Curve

12. S-Curve

13. S-Curve • “Education is expensive, and, while donors will give money for innovation, there comes a time when they would like to see the innovations turned into mainstream activities. • The larger portion of the education and training population (the “early” and “late majority”) (Rogers, 2003), some vaguely interested, some downright skeptical, have no evidence that m-learning is effective beyond the pilot and experimental phase. Every paper that deals with a pilot, or is focused on the technology, and is not followed up with further and broader research reinforces this perception. • From a discipline perspective, it appears that m-learning is not yet part of the mainstream educational multimedia, and is still struggling to establish itself.” -Masters, 2008, p. 5

14. Adopters and Perceived Attributes

15. Centralized vs. Decentralized I believe a decentralized approach to diffusion would be most effective for the K-12 educator and classroom.

16. Key Change Agents K-12 Classroom Teacher Opinion Leaders Technology Coaches Administrators

17. How to Reach Critical Mass? For the K-12 environment, I recommend that highly respected individuals within the schools be targeted (i.e. key change agents) as well as offering incentives for early adoption.

18. Why is this Needed? The Partnership for 21st Century Skills is a strong advocate for 21st century readiness for students. Their Twenty-First Century Student Outcomes express the skills, knowledge and expertise students need for work and life in order to be successful: • Core Subjects and 21st Century Themes; • Learning and Innovation Skills • Creativity and Innovation • Critical Thinking and Problem Solving • Communication and Collaboration • Information, Media and Technology Skills • Information Literacy • Media Literacy • ICT Literacy • Life and Career Skills These outcomes require students to communicate, collaborate, be globally aware, and apply technology effectively. Partnership for 21st Century Skills. (n.d.) Framework for 21st century learning. Retrieved from http://p21.org/overview

19. Why is this Needed? Carly Shuler (2009), a researcher in the children’s media and toy industry, also recognizes the needed and added benefits of mobiles devices in education. • Improve 21st-century social interactions • Mobile technologies have the power to promote and foster collaboration and communication, which are deemed essential for 21st-century success. • Fit with learning environments • Mobile devices can help overcome many of the challenges associated with larger technologies, as they fit more naturally within various learning environments. Shuler, C. (2009). Pockets full of potential: Using mobile technologies to promote children’s learning. New York: The Joan Ganz Cooney Center at Sesame Workshop

20. Meeting Our Needs • The use of mobile devices helps to meet the 21st Century Student Outcomes. • Learning is not confined to a time and place. • Easier access to learning • Increases motivation • Content is adaptable to meet individual needs • Improved communication and organization • Increases independent learning

21. Great Resources • Number 1: Kids with iTouchesvideo • Number 2: St Marys City Schools project  • Number 3: Learning 2 go project • Number 4: 50 Top m-learning resources • Number 5: Top 50 iPhone Apps for Educators • Number 6:7 Things you should know about… Mobile apps for learning E-Moderation Stationfrom Nick Hockly

22. “It is no longer a question of whether we should use these devices to support learning, but how and when to use them.” -Michael H. Levine, the executive director of the New York City-based Joan Ganz Cooney Center Trotter, A. (2009). Mobile devices seen as key to 21st-century learning. Digital directions, 2(4). Retrieved from http://www.edweek.org/dd/articles/2009/01/09/04mobile.h02.html.

23. References • [Become office administrator online image]. Retrieved from http://www.ehow.com/how_2068962_become-office-administrator.html • [Black header online image]. Retrieved from http://www.harcoboe.com/jes/Resources.cfm • [Classroom laptops online image]. Retrieved from http://www.edugamer.org/app/blog/?p=195 • [Cloud mobile devices online image]. Retrieved from http://wp.synesisintl.com/mobile-development • [Diffusion of innovations adopter categories online Image]. Retrieved from http://www.jeffbullas.com/2011/07/19/7-reasons-why-google-drives-hyperactive-engagement/ • [Diffusion of innovations book cover online image]. Retrieved from http://ebookstore.sony.com/ebook/everett-m-rogers/diffusion-of-innovations/_/R-400000000000000032727 • [Hero online image]. Retrieved from http://www.shaanhaider.com/2012/01/5-of-best-educational-apps.html • [Kids ipad online image]. Retrieved from http://education.kqed.org/edspace/2012/01/18/mobile-devices/ • [Mobile devices online image]. Retrieved from http://blegroup.com/mobile-devices-current-status-and-trends-2011-2012/ • [Mobile graphic online image]. Retrieved from http://edtechweb.wordpress.com/2010/11/23/week-12-mobile-wireless-and-ubiquitous-learning/ • [Mobile learning devices online image]. Retrieved from http://learninginhand.com/pbl • [Pockets of potential online image]. Retrieved from http://www.calvin.edu/~dsc8/mobile-learning.htm • [Principal online image]. Retrieved from http://www.wcsd.k12.ms.us/tes/index.htm • [Student ipad online image]. Retrieved from http://empowerbpo.typepad.com/blog/2012/01/give-students-mobile-devices-to-maximize-their-learning-time.html • [Students using mobile devices online image]. Retrieved from http://sigml.iste.wikispaces.net/HigherEducation

24. References • [Teacher online image]. Retrieved from http://edudemic.com/2011/05/private-school-pay/ • [Working group online image]. Retrieved from http://www.polismed.org/?page_id=1059 • Hockly, N. (2010, June 9). Mobile learning # 6: Six key m-learning resources [Web log comment]. Retrieved from http://www.emoderationskills.com/?p=188 • International Telecommunications Union. (2008). [Graph illustration of cellular phone subscribers]. Five billion mobile subscribers by 2011. Retrieved from http://stats.areppim.com/archives/insight_mobile.htm • MacCullum, K. (n.d.). Adoption theory and the integration of mobile technology in education. Retrieved from http://www.deanz.org.nz/home/conferenceDocs/MacCallum.pdf • Masters, K. (2008). M-learning: How much of what has been diffused? A systematic literature review. In Proceedings of World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia and Telecommunications 2008 (pp. 5790-5795). Chesapeake, VA: AACE. Retrieved from http://www.editlib.org/p/29185. • Partnership for 21st Century Skills. (n.d.) Framework for 21st century learning. Retrieved from http://p21.org/overview • Potential of Mobile Learning Emerges. (2009). Electronic Education Report, 16(2), 4. • Rogers, E.M. (2003). Diffusion of innovations. New York, New York: Free Press • Shuler, C. (2009). Pockets full of potential: Using mobile technologies to promote children’s learning. New York: The Joan Ganz Cooney Center at Sesame Workshop • The Economist (2011). [Graph illustration on the growth of the gadget]. Mobile devices (3G). Retrieved from http://conmoz.org/mobile-trends/mobile-devices-3g/?lang=en • Trotter, A. (2009). Mobile devices seen as key to 21st-century learning. Digital directions, 2(4). Retrieved from http://www.edweek.org/dd/articles/2009/01/09/04mobile.h02.html.