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Unit 4 Genetics

Unit 4 Genetics. Section 2 What is DNA? Access Biology. Sections in this Unit. Essential Questions/Big Ideas. Standards. DNA what is it? Click link to view video…. https://www.brainpop.com/science/cellularlifeandgenetics/dna /. Let’s start with what is a chromosome?.

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Unit 4 Genetics

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  1. Unit 4 Genetics Section 2 What is DNA? Access Biology

  2. Sections in this Unit

  3. Essential Questions/Big Ideas

  4. Standards

  5. DNA what is it? Click linkto view video… https://www.brainpop.com/science/cellularlifeandgenetics/dna/

  6. Let’s start with what is a chromosome? Click on image for more info…

  7. How does DNA related to chromosomes?

  8. Explore DNA, click on linkto open link… https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/basics/dna

  9. Where do you find DNA? • DNA is part of your chromosomes. • The DNA isn’t just floating around in the cell. • Most of it is stored in a small compartment in the cell called the nucleus. • A small bit of it can also be found in another compartment called the mitochondrion.

  10. What is DNA? IT ACTUALLY WINDS UP REALLY TIGHTLY AND FITS INTO CHROMOSOMES!!! • DNA is a nucleic acid • DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid • DNA is the genetic material • It contains instructions or genetic code that is passed from parent to child • Responsible for determining all organism’s traits such as eye color, body structure, and enzyme production.

  11. Watch this short video describing DNA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qy8dk5iS1f0&feature=youtu.be The structure of DNA was discovered in 1953 by James Watson and Francis Crick

  12. Visit this site to learn more about Watson and Crick and their work… http://www.dnaftb.org/19/animation.html

  13. What is DNA and how does it work? Click on the linkto view video… https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zwibgNGe4aY

  14. What is the purpose, or function, of DNA? • DNA contains the instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive and reproduce. • To carry out these functions, DNA sequences must be converted into messages that can be used to produce proteins, which are the complex molecules that do most of the work in our bodies. • Responsible for determining all organism’s traits such as eye color, body structure, and enzyme production. • Each DNA sequence that contains instructions to make a protein is known as a gene.

  15. Interesting Facts about DNA • About 99.9 percent of the DNA of every person on the planet is exactly the same. It's that 0.1 percent that is different that makes us all unique. • If you unraveled all the DNA molecules in your body and placed them end to end, it would stretch to the Sun and back several times. • DNA is organized into structures called chromosomes within the cell. • DNA was first isolated and identified by Swiss biologist Friedrich Meischer in 1869.

  16. DeoxyRibonucleic Acid (DNA) Click on the link to learn more… https://www.genome.gov/25520880/deoxyribonucleic-acid-dna-fact-sheet/

  17. Click image and read article on DNA. Answer these questions…

  18. What is DNA made of? • DNA is made of two strands which are a sequence of chemical building blocks called nucleotides. • These nucleotides or building blocks are made of three parts • a phosphate molecule • a sugar molecule • And one of four types of nitrogen bases: • adenine (A) • cytosine (C) • guanine (G) • thymine (T)

  19. What is the shape of DNA? • DNA is a two-stranded molecule that appears twisted. • This shape is called a double helix or a twisted ladder

  20. Learn more about a double helix, click image…includes additional links to text supports

  21. What is the structure of DNA? • To form a strand of DNA, nucleotides are linked into chains, with the phosphate and sugar groups alternating. • It is made up of the nucleotides

  22. In DNA, Which Bases Pair? A-T G-C Adenine (A) always pairs with Thymine (T) Guanine (G) always pairs with Cytosine (C)

  23. Can you complete the sequence? A- A- T- T- C- G-

  24. Complete the diagram

  25. Hydrogen Bonds • These are what hold the nitrogen bases together. • They also combine the 2 strands. • Hydrogen bonds are weak bonds. They can be easily disrupted. • This permits the DNA strands to separate for transcription (copying DNA to RNA) and replication (copying DNA to DNA).

  26. Take a quiz and see what you have learned… Click linkto begin…. http://www.dnaftb.org/19/problem.html

  27. The components that make up the genetic code are common to all organisms! It comes down to how the codes are organized.

  28. If we all have the same components of DNA, why do we look different from other people and from other organisms like horses or plants? What is the difference between a horse’s DNA and a person’s DNA? The difference is in the order of the bases. The more alike two organisms are, the more alike their order of bases will be. Information for everything about an organism is carried in the order of bases in their DNA, like a language. Horse DNA Human DNA

  29. The sequence of base pairs is what determines our traits

  30. Replication of DNA • DNA replication is the process by which a molecule of DNA is duplicated. • When a cell divides, it must first duplicate its genome so that each daughter cell winds up with a complete set of chromosomes. https://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/dna-replication-basic-detail

  31. Transcription and Translation of DNA • translation is the process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or ER synthesize proteins after the process of transcription of DNA to RNA in the cell's nucleus. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bKIpDtJdK8Q

  32. DNA Replication

  33. What is a codon chart? Click image to learn more… • A codon chart is used to identify which amino acid corresponds to DNA or RNA. • A codon chart can help to put together a polypeptide chain. https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=_eamq1oS-EA

  34. Structures of Proteins Proteins fold to from a sequence of amino acids • The four levels of protein structure. • Each level is based on the degree of complexity in the polypeptide chain. • A single protein molecule may contain one or more of the protein structure types: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hok2hyED9go

  35. Click on the linkto learn more…https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/basics/traits/

  36. Click on the linkto read an article from NewELA, consider the questions below… How does the DNA from the Neanderthal ancestors affect people of today. Describe how innate immune response is different from the acquired immune response. How did interbreeding with Neanderthals help early humans when they left Africa? https://newsela.com/read/neanderthal-genetics/id/14073/

  37. DNA Rap Songhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T5gEIViVAPw

  38. How is DNA replicated It takes many proteins and enzymes working together to complete the process. Click on the linkto see DNA replication in action. https://www.dnalc.org/resources/3d/12-transcription-basic.html

  39. Make your own DNA models Click either image below for more info

  40. Make your own Yummy Gummy DNA https://www.yourgenome.org/activities/yummy-gummy-dna

  41. Base pairing, create DNA sequencesclick linkfor directions…https://www.yourgenome.org/activities/sequence-bracelets

  42. A Taste of DNA from Cpalms • "A Taste of DNA" is an activity-based lesson intended to be used as a reinforcement of the concepts associated with the structure of DNA and building DNA. It covers information pertaining to base pairing, DNA shape and structure, cellular organelles, and the function of DNA. • In this lesson students will have the opportunity to move around the classroom, build a long strand across the science floor, and create their own strand with the knowledge they've gained. • Note scroll down or lesson plan ideas, additional power point and more • Click linkto launch http://www.cpalms.org/Public/PreviewResourceLesson/Preview/75955

  43. Using DNA to solve crimes, a dream job as a forensic scientist. Click for NewsELA article…https://newsela.com/read/dream-jobs-forensic-scientist/id/21689/

  44. DNA Forensics • The application of genetic testing for legal purposes • DNA forensics is a branch of forensic science that focuses on the use of genetic material in criminal investigation to answer questions pertaining to legal situations, including criminal and civil cases. • Click linkto solve cases with DNA evidence. http://forensics.rice.edu/

  45. Click on linkto explore a virtual labhttp://media.hhmi.org/biointeractive/vlabs/bacterial_id/index.html?_ga=2.164181567.1873441265.1545417728-2043163730.1545417728

  46. Additional links to check out for extension activities… • Variety of links and activities http://www.nclark.net/DNA_RNA • Breaking the DNA Code http://www.cpalms.org/Public/PreviewResourceLesson/Preview/75807

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