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Alexander Lee, Darrin Albers, and Steven C. Reising

DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNALLY-CALIBRATED, MMIC-BASED MILLIMETER-WAVE RADIOMETERS OPERATING AT 130 AND 166 GHZ IN SUPPORT OF THE SWOT MISSION. Alexander Lee, Darrin Albers, and Steven C. Reising Microwave Systems Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO

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Alexander Lee, Darrin Albers, and Steven C. Reising

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  1. DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNALLY-CALIBRATED, MMIC-BASED MILLIMETER-WAVE RADIOMETERS OPERATING AT 130 AND 166 GHZ IN SUPPORT OF THE SWOT MISSION Alexander Lee, Darrin Albers, and Steven C. Reising Microwave Systems Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO PekkaKangaslahti, Shannon T. Brown, Douglas E. Dawson, Oliver Montes, Todd C. Gaier, Daniel J. Hoppe, and BehrouzKhayatian Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA

  2. Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) Mission Accelerated Tier-2 U.S. National Research Council Earth Science Decadal Survey Mission planned for launch in 2020 (NASA/CNES partnership) • Oceanography Objectives: • Characterize ocean mesoscale and sub-mesoscale circulation at spatial resolutions of 10 km and larger (1-cm ht. precision required) • Kinetic energy / Heat and carbon air-sea fluxes • Climate change and ocean circulation • Coastal and internal tides • Hydrology Objectives: • To provide global height measurements of inland surface water bodies with area greater than 250 m2 and rivers with width greater than 100 m • To measure change in global water storage in these inland water bodies and river discharge on sub-monthly to annual time scales IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada

  3. Ocean Land Scientific Motivation • In order to enable wet path delay measurements closer to the coastline and increase the potential for over land measurements higher-frequency microwave channels (90-170 GHz) are being considered for the SWOT mission Current satellite ocean altimeters include a nadir-viewing, co-located 18-37 GHz multi-channel microwave radiometer to measure wet-tropospheric path delay. Due to the large diameters of the surface instantaneous fields of view (IFOV) at these frequencies, the accuracy of wet path retrievals begins to degrade at approximately 40 km from the coasts. Conventional altimeter-correcting microwave radiometers do not provide wet path delay over land. IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada

  4. SWOT Mission Concept Study Low frequency-only algorithm Low frequency-only algorithm Low and High frequency algorithm Low and High frequency algorithm High-resolution Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model results show reduced wet path-delay error using both low-frequency (18-37 GHz) and high-frequency (90-170 GHz) radiometer channels. IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada

  5. SWOT ACT Objectives • Develop key radiometer components to enable additional low mass, low power, high frequency radiometers for the SWOT mission • Design and fabricate a tri-frequency feed horn with integrated triplexer covering 90 to 170 GHz • Design and fabricate PIN-diode switches and noise diodes for internal calibration from 90 to 170 GHz that can be integrated into the receiver front end • Integrate and test components in MMIC-based low-mass, low-power, small-volume radiometer at 92, 130 and 166 GHz with the tri-frequency feed horn IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada

  6. PIN-Diode Switch Design • Microwave switches were designed to cover three frequency ranges of80-105 GHz, 90-135 GHz, and 160-190 GHz • Monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMIC) wererealized in microstrip and coplanar waveguide technology • Fabricated using Northrop Grumman’s 75-μm thick InP MMIC PIN diodeprocess • PIN diodes used because of low insertionloss and fast switching speeds • Variations of each SPDT design with PIN diode sizes ranging from 3 to 8 μm were fabricated • To date, 80-105 GHz and 90-135 GHz switches have been tested; 160-190 switches have not yet been tested IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada

  7. 80-105 GHz MMIC Switch • Microstrip design • SiN 2-layer MIM capacitors for bypass and DC blocking capacitors • NiCr thin-film process for resistors • Radial stubs used to provide well-defined virtual RF shorts • Antenna and Common legs aligned and Reference leg at a 90°angle Asymmetric Design 1.52 mm Antenna Leg Common Leg 1.37 mm Measured Performance Insertion Loss Common Leg RL (Integrated Ref. Load Version) Isolation Reference Leg Common Leg RL Asymmetric design variation with integrated 50-Ω reference termination Antenna Leg RL IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada

  8. 80-105 GHz MMIC Switch Post-Fabrication On-Chip Tuning of Isolation • Higher frequency measurements demonstrated isolation was optimized for higher frequency • By increasing effective electrical length of shunt diode radial stubs, optimal isolation was lowered to frequency range of interest Measured Performance Isolation (Un-tuned) Tuning ribbon added to shunt diode radial stub Isolation (Tuned) IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada

  9. 90-135 GHz MMIC Switch Symmetric Design Measured Performance Same technology as 80-105 GHz design (microstrip, SiN 2-layer MIM capacitors, etc.) Insertion Loss 1.52 mm Isolation Antenna Leg RL Antenna Leg Reference Leg 1.37 mm Common Leg RL Common Leg Preliminary tuning of shunt diode radial stub demonstrates decrease in isolation optimal frequency IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada

  10. 160-185 GHz MMIC Switch Symmetric Design • Coplanar waveguide design • SiN 2-layer MIM capacitors for bypass and DC blocking capacitors • NiCr thin-film process for resistors 1.10 mm 0.97 mm Reference Leg Antenna Leg Simulated Performance Insertion Loss Common Leg RL Common Leg Isolation Antenna Leg RL IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada

  11. PIN Diode Switch Results IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada

  12. System Block Diagram 92-GHz multi-chip module Waveguide Components MMIC Components Coupler Tri-Frequency Feed Horn Noise Diode Common radiometer back end, thermal control and data subsystem 130-GHz multi-chip module Coupler Noise Diode Coupler 166-GHz multi-chip module Noise Diode IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada

  13. 130- and 166-GHz Radiometer Design • These Dicke radiometers use four LNAs to provide sufficient signal level at the input to the detector. • Direct-detection architecture is the lowest power and mass solution for these high-frequency receivers. Keeping the radiometer power at a minimum is critical to fit within the overall SWOT mission constraints, including the power requirements of the radar interferometer.

  14. 130-GHz Predicted Performance IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada

  15. 130-GHz Predicted Performance IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada

  16. 166-GHz Predicted Performance IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada

  17. 166-GHz Predicted Performance IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada

  18. 166-GHz Band Pass Filter:Return Loss The passive high-frequency microwave components were designed and fabricated in microstrip technology on 3-mil (75 μm) thick alumina substrates. 0.94” (2.4 mm) IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada

  19. 166-GHz Band Pass Filter:Insertion Loss IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada

  20. 166-GHz Matched Load The passive high-frequency microwave components were designed and fabricated in microstrip technology on 3-mil (75 μm) thick alumina substrates. 0.029” (.74 mm) IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada

  21. 130-GHz Multi-Chip Module 50Ω ATN SW LNA LNA BPF-2 BPF-1 LNA LNA WTM 0.094” (2.39 mm) 0.077” (1.96 mm) WTM 0.8” (20.3 mm) 1.45” (36.8 mm) 1.75” (44.5 mm) IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada

  22. 130-GHz Multi-Chip Module IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada

  23. 166-GHz Multi-Chip Module 0.093” (2.4 mm) IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada

  24. Multi-Chip Module Assembly IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada

  25. Summary • The addition of high frequency radiometers on ocean altimetry missions will enable wet tropospheric path delay correction closer to the coastline. • Key radiometer component technologies are under development to enable additional high frequency radiometers operating at 92 GHz, 130 GHz, and 166 GHz for the upcoming SWOT mission. • High frequency switches have been designed and fabricated for all three high frequency radiometers. • Switch testing has been completed on the 92 GHz and 130 GHz switches. The test results show less than 2 dB insertion loss and greater than 15 dB return loss. Additional tuning is required to optimize the isolation. • Prototype radiometers at 130 GHz and 166 GHz have been designed and are in the process of being fabricated. IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada

  26. Backup Slides IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada

  27. 22.235 GHz (H2O) 118 GHz (O2) 55-60 GHz (O2) 183.31 GHz (H2O) Move to Higher Frequency • Supplement low-frequency, low-spatial resolution channels with high-frequency, high-spatial resolution channels to retrieve PD near coast • High-frequency window channels sensitive to water vapor continuum • 183 GHz channels sensitive to water vapor at different layers in atmosphere IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada

  28. Design Topology • Series-Shunt PIN-diode SPDT Switch Implementation • Implements both series and shunt diode SPDT configurations togetherto maximize isolation • Eliminates the need for quarter-wave transformer (reduces size) • This configuration was used for SPDT switch designs being presented RF OUTPUT RF OUTPUT RF INPUT IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada

  29. Design Topology SPDT Switch Circuit Schematic IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada

  30. 80-105 GHz MMIC Switch • Microstrip design • SiN 2-layer MIM capacitors for bypass and DC blocking capacitors • NiCr thin-film process for resistors • Radial stubs used to provide well-defined virtual RF shorts Symmetric Design 1.52 mm Antenna Leg Reference Leg 1.37 mm Measured Performance Insertion Loss Common Leg Isolation Common Leg RL Antenna Leg RL IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada

  31. 80-105 GHz MMIC Switch Measured Results vs. Simulated Results IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada

  32. 130-GHz Low-Noise Amplifier • MMIC LNA was packaged in WR-8 and WR-10 housings for characterization over a broad bandwidth. IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada

  33. 166-GHz Low-Noise Amplifier Low-Noise Amplifier Layout and Measured Response • 35-nm process InP HEMT • Three-stage design with separate gate bias for the first stage to optimize low-noise performance • Record low noise temperature of 300 K from 150 - 160 GHz • Chip area of 900 x 560 (μm)2 • The LNA was mounted in optimized WR-08 and WR-05 waveguide housings to test over a broad bandwidth. IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada

  34. 130-GHz Band Pass Filter:Return Loss The passive high-frequency microwave components were designed and fabricated in microstrip technology on 3-mil (75 μm) thick alumina substrates. 0.94” (2.4 mm) IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada

  35. 130-GHz Band Pass Filter:Insertion Loss IGARSS 2011 Vancouver, B.C. Canada Note: Correction for CPW losses included

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