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Tourism development in UNESCO biosphere reserves: a typology of action

Tourism development in UNESCO biosphere reserves: a typology of action. Dominique Crozat Professor Department of geography University of Montpellier (France) Director of master "Tourism and Sustainable Development on Territorial Communities » CNRS Research team UMR 5281 ART-Dev

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Tourism development in UNESCO biosphere reserves: a typology of action

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  1. Tourism development in UNESCO biosphere reserves: a typology of action Dominique Crozat Professor Department of geographyUniversity of Montpellier (France) Director of master "Tourism and Sustainable Development on Territorial Communities » CNRS Research team UMR 5281 ART-Dev dominique.crozat@univ-montp3.fr

  2. A-Biosphere Reserves 1 • Areas of terrestrial and coastal ecosystems which are solutions to reconcile the conservation of biodiversity and its sustainable use • 1968: "Biosphere Conference" organized by UNESCO • 1968: Creation of MAB (UNESCO Program on Man and the Biosphere) • 1970: Creation of Biosphere Reserves • Today: more than 500 biosphere reserves in one hundred countries

  3. A-Biosphere Reserves 2 • “Living laboratories" (Mousli, 2008) to develop integrated management of land, water and biodiversity. • Goals: conservation of biodiversity and sustainable development • Integrated in the MAB (Man and Biosphere) program of the UNESCO with the aim to implement : • - the Agenda 21 • the Convention on Biological Diversity (especially the ecosystem approach) • realize the objectives of the "Millennium Development Goals" (such as environmental sustainability) and the Decade "United Nations Education for Sustainable Development" • More widely, the goal of preserve and improve the environment

  4. A-Biosphere Reserves 3 • UNESCO biosphere reserve responds to three basic functions: • - Conservation • - Sustainable development • - Logistical assitance to scientific investigation and education • And includes three types of spaces with : • A central area : long-term protected, with the aim to conserve biodiversity, protection of landscapes, ecosystems and species it contains. • A transition area surrounding the central area is designed to protect it from the disturbance. This sparingly populated area is designed to greet traditional activities or activities with low impact (hunting, fishing, sports, tourism, forestry, teaching and research). • A transition zone where live most of the population and with major economic activities

  5. Action 1: flexibility and creativity; Complex social uses • a) Dual process of territorial ecological improvement based on both the spectacle of nature and also tourists relationship with the place. • b) Ambiguity of a situation in which an economical process combines diversified ethics and plural rationalities • c) Environmental labeling means that quite large spaces are enacted in a foreclosure situation exclusive of any other uses • d) Then, this decision initiate a public debate which requires that local actors justify this option to their citizens

  6. Action 2: the theory of “justification” by Boltanski and Thévenot (1991) • When a public action introduces a constraint, public actors justify it by one of 8 models to legitimate it • 1 - The powerful and anthropocentric model • 2 - The technocratic model and rules • 3 - The educative civic model • 4 - The marketing services model • 5 - The business model with productive logic • 6 – The traditionalist and conservative model • 7 - The local development model • 8 - The model based on “deep ecology” AdaptedfromCorneloup J., Bouhaouala M., Vachée C., Soulé B., (2004) Formes de développement et positionnementtouristique des espacessportifs de nature, revueLoisir et société, vol. 24, n° 1, pp. 21-46

  7. The study cases Spreewald (Berlin), Germany + UBR of Spreewald (near Berlin) UBR of Campana-Peñuelas (Central Chile) Campana-Peñuelas, Chili (between Valparaiso and Santiago)

  8. Civic models • 1 – Civic and anthropocentric model: great project (often regional) where only prevails general (often national) interest; local environment and population are forgotten. France (60’ and 70’), Tunisia (80’). If, sometimes, nature exists, it’s for benefit of the nation not local population. • 2 - Technocratic and normative model: same logic but • a-the political agent refers to an expert (often international) to justify his action. • b- Nature became a material to legitimate other interests: Unesco biosphere reserve of Mont Ventoux • 3 - Civic educator model: ideologic relation with nature; to learn a new relation with nature becomes the goal of the action: Unesco biosphere reserve of Camargue

  9. 4- The marketing services modelThe reserve of biosphere is a resource mixed with others. The marketing logic is dominant; the biosphere preservation theme's has a low capacity to orient the politics, except about economical valorization. • Near Berlin (UBR of Spreewald) the joint use of the Biosphere Reserve and a close Malaysian funding Tropical Island Resort is mainly a true business model

  10. 5- Traditionalist and conservative model • UNESCO label is used to help local powers to boost out of age social organizations. But different cases reveals different conservative use: • In franco-german biosphere reserve of Vosges du Nord-Pfälzerwald, this approach has the function to permit the adaptation of fragile spaces to a changing world. • Close to Spain frontier, Upper-Vallespir, part of the Canigou mountain UNESCO world heritage; a social group try to stop the erosion of its domination. • Both cases reveal an indirect action of nature protection by «freezing» spaces (getting landscape as historical heritage with a really sustainable use in Vosges du Nord-Pfälzerwald; stopping the development of other activities than spas in Upper-Vallespir)

  11. 6- Local development model or how to value opportunities and context • This model permits to describe the opportunist ability to adapt to spatial contexts • The studied cases are peri-urban biosphere reserves; they are «rich», because many urban opportunities were long time developed here. • The use of UNESCO biosphere reserve or other label (Unesco World heritage and 3 other French labels in Fontainebleau) offers new opportunities. • Protection of nature is incident: it’s already impossible to develop any activities on the protected spaces… • Cases: • Unesco biosphere reserves of Gatinais Fontainebleau, near Paris • Campana-Peñuelas, in the mid-road from Santiago to Valparaiso, the two main chilian cities.

  12. 7- « Deep ecology » model • Ideological relation between society and nature: it must seek the perfection, the “pure” immersion in a totally preserve nature. Every dimension of life has to respect the fusion between man and nature or the man must disappear from this space to let nature preserved. • It could be the hope of some members of the team in the UBR of Camargue but they need to accept a reality imposed, mainly economical, from outside of the UBR that limits this utopist dream.

  13. Diversity of touristicdevelopment justifications models in 6 UNESCO biospherereserves(UBR) and 2 UNESCO world heritage sites

  14. Beyond the apparent rigidity of the rules governing UNESCO biosphere reserves, touristic valorizations reveal a real freedom but also a lot of greenwashing… • ขอบคุณสำหรับความสนใจของคุณ

  15. Study cases

  16. Circuit n°3 - 7 cols -    Découvrir les grands cols de la région. • 144 km - 7 cols - durée du parcours +/- 5.30 h - moyenne de 26 km/h. • Un circuit très difficile fait le 08/2004, très long avec beaucoup de longues ascensions à plus de 1000m. Je le conseille vraiment pour la vue des sommets, une superbe vue sur le Mont Ventoux, ensuite la vue sur les Alpes de hautes Provence et au nord le début des Alpes. Les deux ascensions les plus durs sont sur la fin du parcours, montez tout les cols calmement. Le col St Jean est difficile et après il faut encore garder des forces pour les 9 km du Perty. Au sommet du Perty vous plongez dans la vallée de l'Ouvèze et ses 34 km de descende pour rejoindre Buis-les-Baronnies.

  17. Circuit n° 12 - 120 Km - le tour du Mt Ventoux, les gorges de la Nesque et 2 cols.Un tour pour se mettre en forme, assez long mais pas de grosses difficultés, seulement deux petits cols (le col de la Madeleine puis le col d'Aulan). Vous passez par Malaucène, Bédoin et Sault puis les gorges de la Nesque. Vous pouvez faire une halte sur la place de Monieux au restaurant du village. Après le col d'Aulan c'est la longue descende pour rejoindre Buis-les-Baronnies.

  18. La diversité des richesses de notre patrimoine est souvent insoupçonnée. Pourtant chaque espèce animale ou végétale fait autant partie du patrimoine d'une région que les monuments légués par les méandres de son histoire. Les traditions populaires, les activités traditionnelles de l'industrie fondent des spécificités locales qui forgent notre identité, influencent notre architecture, ou conditionnent notre exploitation du milieu naturel façonnant nos paysages. • Il ne faut donc pas seulement entrevoir les richesses d'une région à travers ses quelques espèces ou monuments emblématiques. Le patrimoine est un tout, dont les composantes naturelles, paysagères, culturelles, et historiques s'entremêlent étroitement. Ce patrimoine fait partie de nous, et nous appartient donc un peu à tous ! Conscients de l'importance de cet héritage qu'il faut préserver tout en avançant sur le chemin du développement il nous faut comprendre aujourd'hui que nous pouvons tous œuvrer à notre échelle et selon nos moyens à favoriser un développement durable. • (Site web de la réserve de la biosphère Vosges du Nord-Pfälzerwald  ; http://www.biosphere-vosges-pfaelzerwald.org/_fr/html/patrimoines, passage surlignés par les autorités du Parc)

  19. Bibliography • Augustin, J.P. (2000). Activités ludo-sportives et médiations territoriales. Montagnes Méditerranéennes, 11, 29-32. • Bateson, G. (1977) Vers une écologie de l’esprit, Paris, Gallimard • Boltanski, L. & Thévenot, L. (1991). De la justification. Métaillé, Paris • Corneloup J., Bouhaouala M., Vachée C., Soulé B., (2004) Formes de développement et positionnement touristique des espaces sportifs de nature, revue Loisir et société, vol. 24, n 1, pp. 21-46. • Equipe MIT (2002) Tourisme 1. Lieux communs, Paris, Belin • Equipe MIT (2011) Tourismes 3 La révolution durable, Paris, Belin, 332p. • Glacken, J. (1967) Traces on the Rhodian Shore, Berkeley, Univ. of CalifoniaPress. • Kalaora, B. (1986). La forêt pacifiée. L’Harmattan, Paris • Lafaye, C. & Thévenot, L. (1993). Une justification écologique. Revue Française de Sociologie, 34, 495-524 • Michaud, D. (1989). L’avenir de la société alternative. Logiques sociales, Paris. • Mousli, S. (2008) UNESCO. FAQ – Réserve de biosphère  ; Unesco, doc. n° D:20081124171833 • Planque B. & Gaussier N., 1998, Milieux innovateurs et développement durable, des mésologies complémentaires, Aix-en-Provence, Centre d’Economie Régionale, 1998, Notes de recherche n°207 • Raffestin, C. (1992) Géographie et écologie humaine, in Bailly, A., Ferras, R. et Pumain, D. (dir.) Encyclopédie de Géographie, Paris, Economica, pp. 23-36. • Rossi, G. (2001) L’ingérence écologique. Environnement et développement rural du Nord au Sud. Paris, CNRS ed., 254p. • Valette E., 2003, Pour une approche géographique de l’innovation sociale. L’exemple des territoires ruraux périurbains de la garrigue nord-montpelliéraine, Paris, Thèse de doctorat en géographie, Université Denis Diderot Paris 7.

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