Qui trình triển khai thực hiện một nghiên cứu khoa học về sức khỏe

1. Qui trìnhtriểnkhaithựchiệnmộtnghiêncứukhoahọcvềsứckhỏe GS TS BS LÊ HOÀNG NINH

2. NGHIÊN CỨU LÀ GÌ ? • Research is the systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of data to answer a certain question or solve a problem • It is crucial to follow cascading scientific steps when conducting one’s research

3. WHAT IS RESEARCH? Any honest attempt to study a problem systematically or to add to man’s knowledge of a problem may be regarded as research. (Theodorson and Theodorson 1969 cited in Reber 1995, p.663) The aim, as far as I can see, is the same in all sciences. Put simply and cursorily, the aim is to make known something previously unknown to human beings. It is to advance human knowledge, to make it more certain or better fitting . . . the aim is, as I have said, discovery. (Elias 1986, p.20)

4. WHY UNDERTAKE RESEARCH? • To investigate some existing situation or problem. • To provide solutions to a problem. • To explore and analyse more general issues. • To construct or create a new procedure or system. • To explain a new phenomenon. • To generate new knowledge. • A combination of two or more of any of the above. • (Hussey and Hussey 1997)

5. Quality research is the lifeblood of any scientific discipline. Without it, disciplines would stagnate, failing to advance past their current limits and understanding. (Wann 1997 p.17)

6. TYPES OF RESEARCH Exploratory research Takes place where there is little or no prior knowledge of a phenomenon. This type of research attempts to gain some familiarity with the appropriate concepts and looks for patterns or ideas without any preconceived ideas or explanation.

7. Descriptive research Describes a particular phenomenon, focusing upon the issue of what is happening, or how much of it has happened, rather than why it is happening.

8. Explanatory research This type of research is involved in explaining why something happens, and assessing causal relationships between variables.

9. Predictive research Forecasts future phenomena, based on the interpretations suggested by explanatory research.

10. PURE AND APPLIED RESEARCH Pure research takes place to explore a particular concept, or issue, without regard for a specific problem, and may be carried out to simply gain a better understanding of the overall concepts. Applied research is undertaken to solve a specific problem or provide a solution to a practical question.

11. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY RESEARCH Primary research Refers to research that has involved the collection of original data specific to that particular research project, for example through using research methods such as questionnaires or interviews. Secondary research Refers to research where no such original data is collected, but the research project uses existing (or secondary) sources of data, for example census or archive data.

12. THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL RESEARCH Theoretical research generally uses the findings from existing works to develop new ideas through analysing existing theory and explanations. These new ideas are not tested through collecting evidence in the form of primary data. Empirical research supports the development of new ideas through the collection of data (empirical = observation or measurement rather than theoretical reasoning).

13. HOW TO READ RESEARCH 1. Locate and read a few articles from within a field you are comfortable with. 2. Read studies that are of interest to you. 3. Read the abstract first. 4. Identify the research question and objectives. 5. Why did the researcher(s) choose a particular setting or sample? 6. What were the methods chosen to collect data? 7. What were the most important findings? 8. Do not be over-concerned with statistical analysis. 9. Be critical but objective.

14. WHAT IS RESEARCH - SUMMARY 1. There are a number of definitions of research. Defining research is less important than understanding its nature. 2. Research is important for the advancement of any academic field or discipline. 3. Research can be classified as exploratory, descriptive, explanatory or predictive depending upon its purpose. It can also be classified as either theoretical or applied depending upon the level of application of the findings to ‘real life’ situations.

15. SUMMARY II 4. Research may involve the collection of new data (primary research) or the use of existing data (secondary research). 5. The best way to begin to develop your understanding of research, its role, and the types of research is to undertake some reading. Choose some appropriate articles, and begin to read!

16. no need for study Qui trình cơ bản của một nghiên cứu khoa học answers found Literature review Selection of area Selection of topic Crude research question no answer Refined research question Research hypothesis, goals and objectives Study design Population & sampling Variables confounding bias Research tools Pilot study Work plan Collection of data Data management Interpretation Reporting Ethical issues

17. Chọn lựa lãnh vực nghiên cứu • Selection of this broad entity of research is based on the following: • researcher’s: • Specialty • Interest • Scientific background • Experience • Actual need for research in this area • Available resources (interest of funding body)

18. Chọn lựa lãnh vực nghiên cứu (tt) The priority of a topic for research depends on: • The characteristics of the problem (topic): • Impact on health: • Magnitude • Seriousness • Preventability • Curability • Available interventions • Proposed solutions • The characteristics of the proposed study: • Feasibility • Cost-effectiveness • Applicability of the results

19. 6 Ways to Find a Topic

20. 1) Flash of Brilliance Model • You wake up one day with a new insight/idea • New approach to solve an important open problem • Warnings: • This rarely happens • Even if it does, you may not be able to find an advisor who agrees

21. 2) The Apprentice Model • Your advisor has a list of topics • Suggests one (or more!) that you can work on • Can save you a lot of time/anxiety • Warnings: • Don’t work on something you find boring, fruitless, badly-motivated,… • Several students may be working on the same/related problem

22. 3) The Phoenix Model • You work on some projects and think very hard about what you’ve done looking for insights • Re-implement in a common framework • Identify an algorithm/proof problem inside • The topic emerges from your work • Especially common in systems • Warnings: • You may be working without “a topic” for a long time

23. 4) The Stapler Model • You work on a number of small topics that turn into a series of conference papers • E.g., you figure out how to apply a technique (e.g., ILP) to a number of key problems in an area • You figure out somehow how to tie it all together, create a chapter from each paper, and put a big staple through it • Warnings: • May be hard/impossible to find the tie

24. 5) The Synthesis Model • You read some papers from other subfields in computer science/engineering or a related field (e.g., biology) • And look for places to apply insight from another (sub)field to your own • E.g., databases to compilers • Warnings: • You can spend a career reading papers! • You may not find any useful connections

25. 6) The Expanded Term Project Model • You take a project course that gives you a new perspective • E.g., theory for systems and vice versa • The project/paper combines your research project with the course project • One (and ½) project does double duty • Warnings: • This can distract from your research if you can’t find a related project/paper

26. Câu hỏi nghiên cứu The investigator must make sure that: • He has a research question • The question is clear and specific • It reflects the objectives of the study • It has no answer by common sense • It has no answer in the LITERATURE • Finding an answer to the question will solve or at least help in solving the problem to be studied.

27. Characteristics of a good research question FINER Feasible Adequate numbers of subjects? Adequate technical expertise? Affordable in time and money? Is it possible to measure or manipulate the variables? Interesting To the investigator? Novel To the field? Ethical Potential harm to subjects? Potential breech of subject confidentiality? Relevant To scientific knowledge/theory? To organizational, health or social management and policy? To individual welfare?

28. Criteria for developing a good research question • Feasible • Interesting • Novel • Ethical • Relevant • Cummings et al. 2001

29. Good research question? • Feasible • Subjects • Resources • Manageable • Data available? • Interesting • Novel • In relation to previous findings • Confirm or refute? • New setting, new population • Ethical • Social or scientific value • Safe • Relevant • Advance scientific knowledge? • Influence clinical practice? • Impact health policy? • Guide future research?

30. A Research Question Must Identify • The variables under study • The population being studied • The testability of the question

31. Variables in research • Have 2 or more properties or qualities • Age, sex, weight, height • Is one variable related to another? • “ Is X related to Y? What is the effect of X on Y?” etc.

32. Variables in research • Independent variable: • has a presumed effect on the dependent variable (outcome) • May or may not be manipulated • Dependent variable: • Something that varies with a change in the independent variable • Outcome variable

33. Hypothesis • Statement about the relationship between 2 or more variables • Converts the question into a statement that predicts an expected outcome • A unit or subset of the research problem

34. Characteristics of hypotheses • Declarative statement that identifies the predicted relationship between 2 or more variables • Testability • Based on sound scientific theory/rationale

35. Hồi cứu y văn

36. Hồi cứu y văn là gì ? • “…a literature review surveys scientific articles, books, medical journals, dissertations and other sources […] relevant to a particular issue, area of research, or theory, providing a description, summary, and critical evaluation of each work.”

37. Mụcđíchhồicứu y vănA literature review may constitute an essential chapter of a thesis or dissertation, or may be a self-contained review of writings on a subject. In either case, its purpose is to: • Place each work in the context of its contribution to the understanding of the subject under review • Describe the relationship of each work to the others under consideration • Identify new ways to interpret, and shed light on any gaps in, previous research • Resolve conflicts amongst seemingly contradictory previous studies • Identify areas of prior research to prevent duplication of effort • Place one's original work (in the case of theses or dissertations) in the context of existing literature

38. Literature Review as a Process

39. Các thành phần của hồi cứu y văn • Hồi cứu y văn đòi hỏi xem xét 4 bước: • Problem formulation—which topic or field is being examined and what are its component issues? • Literature search—finding materials relevant to the subject being explored • Data evaluation—determining which literature makes a significant contribution to the understanding of the topic • Analysis and interpretation—discussing the findings and conclusions of pertinent literature

40. Working with Literature Find it! Manage it! Use it! Review it! Knowing the literature types Reading efficiently Choosing your research topic Understanding the lit review’s purpose Using available resources Keeping track of references Developing your question Ensuring adequate coverage Honing your search skills Writing relevant annotations Arguing your rationale Writing purposefully Informing your work with theory Working on style and tone Designing method Cácviệcphảilàmtronghồicứu y văne

41. Nguồn để tìm y văn Journalarticles: • these are good sources, especially for up-to-date information. They are frequently used in literature reviews because they offer a relatively concise, up-to-date format for research. • Depending on the publication, these materials may be refereed materials.

42. Những tạp chí không được liêt kê trong tham khảo (about Non-refereed Journals? ) • Non-refereed materials such as Trade Journals, or magazines use less rigorous standards of screening prior to publication. • Non-refereed materials may not be checked as intensely as refereed materials, but many can still be considered useful, although not for scientific literature and research.

43. Nguồn tìm y văn ( t.t) Books:  remember that books tend to be less up-to-date, as it takes longer for a book to be published than for a journal article. • They are still likely to be useful for including in your literature review as they offer a good starting point from which to find more detailed and up-to-date sources of information. 

44. Sources of Literature (cont.) Conferenceproceedings: these can be useful in providing the latest research, or research that has not been published. • They are also helpful in providing information about people in different research areas, and so can be helpful in tracking down other work by the same researchers.

45. Sources of Literature (cont.) Government/corporate reports: • Many government departments and corporations commission carry out research. • Their published findings can provide a useful source of information, depending on your field of study.

46. Nguồn tìm y văn ( t.t) Thesesand dissertations: these can be useful sources of information. However there are disadvantages: • they can be difficult to obtain since they are not published, but are generally only available from the library or interlibrary systems • the student who carried out the research may not be an experienced researcher and therefore you might have to treat their findings with more caution than published research.

47. Sources of Literature (cont.) Internet: the fastest-growing source of information is on the Internet. • bear in mind that anyone can post information on the Internet so the quality may not be reliable • the information you find may be intended for a general audience and so not be suitable for inclusion in your literature review (information for a general audience is usually less detailed)

48. In assessing each piece, consideration should be given to: • Provenance—What are the author's credentials? Are the author's arguments supported by evidence (e.g. primary historical material, case studies, narratives, statistics, recent scientific findings)? • Objectivity—Is the author's perspective even-handed or prejudicial? Is contrary data considered or is certain pertinent information ignored to prove the author's point? • Persuasiveness— is the author's thesis convincing? • Value—Does the work ultimately contribute in any significant way to an understanding of the subject of my research?

49. Writing Literature • Three components: • The introduction • The body • The conclusion

50. Writing the Introduction In the introduction, you should: • Define or identify the general topic, issue, or area of concern, thus providing an appropriate context for reviewing the literature. • Point out overall trends in what has been published about the topic; or conflicts in theory, methodology, evidence, and conclusions; or gaps in research • Establish the writer's reason (point of view) for reviewing the literature; explain the criteria to be used in analyzing and comparing literature