UNIT 2 WESTWARD EXPANSION

1. UNIT 2WESTWARD EXPANSION NOTES AND LECTURE POINTS FOR THE ENTIRE UNIT 2

2. The Articles of Confederation • The Big Idea • The Articles of Confederation provided a framework for a national government. • Main Ideas • The American people examined many ideas about government. • The Articles of Confederation laid the base for the first national government of the United States. • The Confederation Congress established the Northwest Territory.

3. The Articles of Confederation created a national government with limited powers. Congress could settle conflicts among states, make coins, borrow money, ask states for money and soldiers, and make treaties with other nations. States had the power to refuse requests. There was not a president or a national court system. The Second Continental Congress passed the Articles of Confederation on November 15, 1777, and sent them to each state for ratification. The first national government of the United States was established after the last state ratified the Articles in March 1781. Main Idea 2: The Articles of Confederation laid the base for the first national government of the United States.

4. Congress passed Land Ordinance of 1785 to raise money to pay debts. Ordinance provided for surveying and dividing western lands. Land was split into townships. Each township was divided into lots for sale to the public. Congress passed Northwest Ordinance of 1787. Established Northwest Territory and a system for creating new states Included what are now the states of Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Minnesota Required the provision of public education and banned slavery Main Idea 3:The Confederation Congress established the Northwest Territory.

5. Challenges for the New Nation • The Big Idea • The United States faced significant foreign and domestic challenges under Washington. • Main Ideas • The United States tried to remain neutral regarding events in Europe. • The United States and Native Americans came into conflict in the Northwest Territory. • The Whiskey Rebellion tested Washington’s administration. • In his Farewell Address, Washington advised the nation.

6. The French Revolution against the French king broke out in 1789. France and Great Britain later went to war. Some Americans, including Thomas Jefferson, supported the French. President Washington and others wanted to remain neutral. He believed this was the safest plan for the U.S. in the long run. The United States issued the Neutrality Proclamation,in 1793, saying it would not take sides. Main Idea 1: The United States tried to remain neutral regarding events in Europe.

7. Jay’s Treaty The British were seizing American ships in the French West Indies. Washington wanted to prevent another war; so did the British. Jay’s Treaty was signed in 1794. It settled disputes that had arisen between the two countries in the 1790s. The treaty was unpopular in the United States. Pinckney’s Treaty The Spanish disputed the U.S. and Florida border. Spain closed the New Orleans port to U.S. trade in 1784. This hurt the American economy. Pinckney’s Treaty was signed in 1795. The southern U.S. border was set at 31° N latitude. The port of New Orleans reopened. Other Challenges to U.S. Neutrality

8. Americans settled in the Northwest Territory despite Native Americans’ protests. Native Americans went to war. Early Native American victories came under Chief Little Turtle. General Anthony Wayne’s troops won the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794. The Treaty of Greenville ended the war in 1795 and gave Americans most Indian lands in the Northwest Territory. Main Idea 2: The United States and Native Americans came into conflict in the Northwest Territory.

9. Main Idea 3: The Whiskey Rebellion tested Washington’s administration. Reaction to Whiskey Tax • People in areas like western Pennsylvania were angry at the tax on American-made whiskey passed by Congress in 1791. • Whiskey was a cash crop to western Pennsylvania farmers. • Farmers were angry that cases about the law were tried in district courts, often far away from the people affected. Whiskey Rebellion Is Crushed • Fighting broke out in 1794. • Washington led an army against the rebels, but the Whiskey Rebellion ended without a battle.

10. Jefferson Becomes President • The Big Idea • Thomas Jefferson’s election began a new era in American government. • Main Ideas • The election of 1800 marked the first peaceful transition in power from one political party to another. • President Jefferson’s beliefs about the federal government were reflected in his policies. • Marbury v. Madison increased the power of the judicial branch of government.

11. Chapter 8 – The Jefferson Era Section Notes Video Jefferson Becomes President The Louisiana Purchase The Coming of War The War of 1812 Expanding Frontiers Maps Quick Facts The Louisiana Purchase and Western Expeditions The War of 1812 The Election of 1800 Analyzing the War of 1812 Chapter 8 Visual Summary Images The USS Constitution First Lady Saves Washington’s Portrait

12. Jefferson Becomes President • The Big Idea • Thomas Jefferson’s election began a new era in American government. • Main Ideas • The election of 1800 marked the first peaceful transition in power from one political party to another. • President Jefferson’s beliefs about the federal government were reflected in his policies. • Marbury v. Madison increased the power of the judicial branch of government.

13. Federalists John Adams and Charles C. Pinckney ran against Democratic-Republicans Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr. Jefferson and Burr tied, with 73 electoral votes each. The House broke the tie by selecting Jefferson to be president; Burr became vice president. The tie led to the passage of the Twelfth Amendment, which provided for a separate ballot for president and vice president in the next election. Main Idea 1: The election of 1800 marked the first peaceful transition in power from one political party to another.

14. Parties and Beliefs • Adams and the Federalists • Rule by the wealthy class • Strong federal government • Emphasis on manufacturing • Loose interpretation of the Constitution • British alliance • Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans • Rule by the people • Strong state governments • Emphasis on agriculture • Strict interpretation of the Constitution • French alliance

15. Democratic-Republican–controlled Congress helped put his republican ideas into practice. Allowed the hated Alien and Sedition Acts to expire. Lowered military spending. Got rid of domestic taxes. Believed main functions of federal government were Protecting the nation from foreign threats. Delivering mail. Collecting customs duties. Kept some Federalist ideas, like Bank of the United States. Main Idea 2:President Jefferson’s beliefs about the federal government were reflected in his policies.

16. Main Idea 3:Marbury v. Madison increased the power of the judicial branch of government. • William Marbury appointed justice of peace by President Adams just before he left office. • Marbury’s commission was not delivered; Jefferson took office. • Marbury sued Jefferson administration to get his commission. Background • The law Marbury based his claim on was unconstitutional—Judiciary Act of 1789. • Ruled that the Supreme Court did not hear cases like this one, according to the Constitution; thus, the law that Marbury used was unconstitutional. Supreme Court Ruling

17. Chief Justice John Marshall wrote Court’s opinion in Marbury v. Madison. Ruling established judicial review—Court’s power to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional. Made judicial branch equal to other two branches of government. Importance of Judicial Review

18. The Louisiana Purchase • The Big Idea • Under President Jefferson’s leadership, the United States added the Louisiana Territory. • Main Ideas • As American settlers moved West, control of the Mississippi River became more important to the United States. • The Louisiana Purchase almost doubled the size of the United States. • Expeditions led by Lewis, Clark, and Pike increased Americans’ understanding of the West.

19. Thousands of Americans had settled between the Appalachians and the Mississippi by 1800s. Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio were admitted as states. Settlers depended on the Mississippi and Ohio rivers to move products east. Jefferson worried about foreign control of New Orleans and Louisiana. Americans depended on the river, which could be disrupted if a foreign power shut down access to New Orleans. Main Idea 1: As American settlers moved West, control of the Mississippi River became more important to the United States.

20. Louisiana Spanish Control • Spain controlled both New Orleans and Louisiana—land stretching from Mississippi River to Rocky Mountains. • Spain gave land to France in treaty. French Control • French leader Napoléon wanted to rebuild France’s empire in North America. • Rebellion in French colony of Haiti, in the Caribbean, ended Napoléon’s dream in 1802.

21. Jefferson sent ambassador to France to try to buy New Orleans. The French offered to sell all of Louisiana. Napoléon had wanted to set up a North American empire, but a revolt in Haiti ruined those plans. Price was $15 million. Louisiana Purchase approved by Senate on October 20, 1803. Nearly doubled size of United States. Main Idea 2:The Louisiana Purchase almost doubled the size of the United States.

23. Lewis and Clark Expedition Expedition to explore the Louisiana Purchase. Led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. Included 50 skilled frontiersmen. Began near St. Louis on May 14, 1804. Reached the Pacific Ocean in November, 1805. Main Idea 3: Expeditions led by Lewis, Clark, and Pike increased Americans’ understanding of the West.

24. Contact with Native Americans Lewis used interpreters to talk to leaders of each of the peoples they met. Told them United States now owned land on which Native Americans lived. Relied on goodwill of the peoples they met. - Given food by Shoshone, Nez Percé, and others. Sacagawea, a Shoshone woman, served as a guide and interpreter.

25. Zebulon Pike,an army officer, led another expedition to the West in 1806. Explored area near Louisiana Territory’s western border with New Spain Headed into Rocky Mountains in present-day Colorado Traveled into Spanish lands and was arrested When finally released, still praised the opportunities for doing business with the Spanish Pike’s report offered Americans their first description of the Southwest. Pike’s Exploration

26. The Coming of the War • The Big Idea • Challenges at home and abroad led the United States to declare war on Great Britain. • Main Ideas • Violations of U.S. neutrality led Congress to enact a ban on trade. • Native Americans, Great Britain, and the United States came into conflict in the West. • The War Hawks led a growing call for war with Great Britain.

27. Overseas trade was profitable but risky. Barbary pirates, along the coast of Africa, would capture ships. Attacks continued until the United States sent the USS Constitution and other warships to stop the pirates. British and French tried to stop the United States from aiding the other while they were at war in 1803. British stopped American merchant ships to search for British sailors who had run away from British navy. British sailors were forced to return and sometimes U.S. citizens were taken by accident. British ship Leopard stopped U.S. Navy ship Chesapeake and took sailors by force. Attack on Chesapeake stunned Americans. Main Idea 1: Violations of U.S. neutrality led Congress to enact a ban on trade.

28. The United States’ Response • Embargo Act • Embargo Act passed in 1807, banning trade with all foreign countries to punish Britain and France • Devastated American merchants, who lost much money without trade • Damaged Jefferson and strengthened Federalists • Had little effect on Britain and France • Non-Intercourse Act • Congress replaced unpopular Embargo Act with Non-Intercourse Act in 1809 • Banned trade only with Britain, France, and their colonies • U.S. trade would resume with first side to stop violating American neutrality • Law was no more suc-cessful than Embargo Act

29. Main Idea 2: Native Americans, Great Britain, and the United States came into conflict in the West. Conflict Over Land • British and Native Americans clashed with American settlers over land in the West. • British agents armed Native Americans along western frontier. Tecumseh Resists U.S. Settlers • Tecumseh, a Shawnee chief, emerged as leader. • Hoped to unite Native Americans of northwestern frontier, the South, and the eastern Mississippi Valley.

30. Tecumseh founded village near Tippecanoe and Wabash rivers in Indiana Territory. Tecumseh was a brilliant speaker and leader. He wanted to unite the Native Americans to resist settlers. Governor William Henry Harrison warned Tecumseh not to resist power of the United States. Harrison led army in attack on village in 1811. Was worried that with British backing, Tecumseh could be a serious threat to U.S. power in the West. U.S. forces won Battle of Tippecanoe, and Tecumseh fled to Canada. The Battle of Tippecanoe

31. Main Idea 3: The War Hawks led a growing call for war with Great Britain. War Hawks • Evidence of British support for Tecumseh inflamed Americans. • Some young members of Congress from the South and West, called War Hawks, demanded war against Britain. • They were angered by British trade restrictions and wanted to invade Canada for more land to settle. The Opposition • New England Federalists opposed war. • British trade restrictions hurt New England’s economy. • Others argued that the United States was not ready to fight.

32. Republican James Madison was elected president in 1808. Felt growing pressure from War Hawks. Decided Congress must vote on war in 1812. Congress voted, and the War Hawks won. Congress had declared war for the first time in the nation’s history. Madison was reelected in 1812. Would serve as commander in chief during War of 1812. War Declared

33. The War of 1812 • The Big Idea • Great Britain and the United States went to battle in the War of 1812. • Main Ideas • American forces held their own against the British in the early battles of the war. • U.S. forces stopped the British offensives in the East and South. • The effects of the war included prosperity and national pride.

34. Main Idea 1: American forces held their own against the British in the early battles of the war. • War at Sea • Britain had hundreds of ships, but most were scattered around the globe. • Americans had less than 20 ships, but had well-trained sailors and new warships like the powerful USS Constitution. • American ships victorious in one-on-one battles. • British blockaded seaports. • Along Canadian Border • American leaders wanted to invade Canada. • Attacks in 1812 failed • Oliver Hazard Perry won naval Battle of Lake Erie in 1813. • American control of Lake Erie established. • British driven out of Northwest in 1813.

35. The Creek War War erupted with Native Americans in the South, who were angry at settlers pushing into their lands. Creeks attacked Fort Mims in Alabama, killing about 250 defenders. Andrew Jackson, leading 2,000 volunteers, defeated the Creeks at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in Alabama in 1814. The Treaty of Fort Jackson ended war in 1814 and forced the Creeks to give up millions of acres of their land.

37. British Attacks in East British attacked Washington, D.C., in 1814. Set fire to White House, Capitol, and other buildings. British shelled Fort McHenry at Baltimore, Maryland. Americans refused to surrender, and British retreated. Main Idea 2: U.S. forces stopped British offensives in the East and South.

38. British moved against New Orleans. Hoped to capture city and control Mississippi River. Andrew Jackson commanded U.S. forces at New Orleans. Troops included regular soldiers, free African Americans, Choctaws, state militia, and pirates. Battle began on January 8, 1815, with 5,300 British troops against about 4,500 Americans. British caught in open field; more than 2,000 casualties. American victory at Battle of New Orleans made Jackson a hero and was last major conflict of the war. Battle of New Orleans

39. Main Idea 3: The effects of the war included prosperity and national pride. • Group of New England Federalists were going to Hartford Convention to oppose war, but the war ended before the convention. • War’s end made party lose power. Hartford Convention • Treaty of Ghent signed before negotiators knew of New Orleans. • Each nation returned conquered territory gathered. Treaty of Ghent • Feelings of patriotism among Americans. • Power of many Native American groups broken. • Lack of goods during blockade boosted American manufacturing. Consequences

41. Chapter 9 – A New National Identity Section Notes Video American Foreign Policy Nationalism and Sectionalism American Culture The Impact of the United States on Its Neighbors Maps Quick Facts U.S. Boundary Changes, 1818-1819 U.S. Roads and Canals, 1850 The Missouri Compromise, 1820 Test Assessment Map Chapter 9 Visual Summary Images The Erie Canal American Arts American Arts (continued)

42. American Foreign Policy • The Big Idea • The United States peacefully settled disputes with foreign powers. • Main Ideas • The United States and Great Britain settled their disputes over boundaries and control of waterways. • The United States gained Florida in an agreement with Spain. • With the Monroe Doctrine, the United States strengthened its relationship with Latin America.

43. United States and British Canada both wanted naval and fishing rights on the Great Lakes Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817) limited naval power on Great Lakes for both Disputes over fishing rights off Canada, fur trade in Oregon Country, and the U.S.–Canadian border Convention of 1818 allowed U.S. fishing off Canada and set the border between the United States and Canada at the 49th parallel as far west as the Rocky Mountains. United States and Britain agreed to share Pacific Northwest Main Idea 1: The United States and Great Britain settled their disputes over boundaries and control of waterways.

44. Conflict with Spain over American settlers near the U.S.–Florida border Secretary of State John Quincy Adams talked with Spain’s Luis de Onís. President James Monroe sent troops to secure the border. There was conflict with the Seminoles over settlements and runaway slaves. Main Idea 2:The United States gained Florida in an agreement with Spain.

45. The First Seminole War and the Adams-Onís Treaty Andrew Jackson’s troops captured Seminole raiders, beginning First Seminole War in 1818. U.S. troops captured Spanish military posts and overthrew Spanish governor of Florida. Spain and United States signed Adams-Onís Treaty in 1819; settled all border disputes. • United States received East Florida, gave up claim to Texas, and agreed to pay U.S. citizens’ claims against Spain.

46. Latin American countries declared independence from Spain. Simon Bolívar led many of these revolutions. The United States feared European countries would take control of newly free countries. United States issued Monroe Doctrine. Warned European powers not to interfere in Americas. Put Latin America in U.S. sphere of influence. Main Idea 3:With the Monroe Doctrine, the United States strengthened its relationship with Latin America.

47. The United States would not interfere in the affairs of European nations. The United States would recognize, and not interfere with, countries that already existed in the Americas. The Western Hemisphere was off-limits to colonization by any foreign power. The United States would consider any attempt by a European power to colonize or interfere in the Western Hemisphere a hostile act. The Monroe Doctrine: Four Basic Points

48. Nationalism and Sectionalism • The Big Idea • A rising sense of national unity allowed some regional differences to be set aside and national interests to be served. • Main Ideas • Growing nationalism led to improvements in the nation’s transportation systems. • The Missouri Compromise settled an important regional conflict. • The outcome of the election of 1824 led to controversy.

49. Nationalism: feelings of pride and loyalty to a nation Henry Clay proposed the American System: a series of measures to make America economically self-sufficient. National bank to provide a single currency, and improved roads and canals funded by a protective tariff Some in Congress felt such improvements were not permitted by the Constitution. Clay argued that possible gains for the country justified federal action. Congress agreed with Clay. Main Idea 1: Growing nationalism led to improvements in the nation’s transportation systems.

50. Served as a U.S. representative from Kentucky, a senator, the Speaker of the House, and secretary of state. Supported nationalism. Developed the American System. Dedicated to preserving the Union. Initiated the Missouri Compromise. Henry Clay