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qadi = judge shari‘a = Islamic law al-Awza‘i (d. 774) - active in Syria

634-44 Reign of ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab Late 8th-early 9th c. Formalisation of shari‘a. qadi = judge shari‘a = Islamic law al-Awza‘i (d. 774) - active in Syria Abu Hanifa (d. 767) - active in Iraq Malik ibn Anas (d. 795) - active in Medina, wrote al-Muwatta’ (book of legal rulings).

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qadi = judge shari‘a = Islamic law al-Awza‘i (d. 774) - active in Syria

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  1. 634-44 Reign of ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab Late 8th-early 9th c. Formalisation of shari‘a qadi = judge shari‘a = Islamic law al-Awza‘i (d. 774) - active in Syria Abu Hanifa (d. 767) - active in Iraq Malik ibn Anas (d. 795) - active in Medina, wrote al-Muwatta’ (book of legal rulings)

  2. hadith = tales of sayings and actions of Muhammad and companions Muhammad ibn Idris al-Shafi‘i (d. Egypt 820) isnad = chain of transmitters ‘ilm al-rijal = “knowledge of men” = science of studying individuals named in isnads Late 8th-early 9th c. Increasing importance placed on hadith from Muhammad

  3. Al-Shafi’i’s Sources of Islamic Jurisprudence (fiqh) 1. The Qur’an 2. The hadith 3. Qiyas (analogy) 4. Ijma‘ (consensus - effectively of the ‘ulama’ [legal scholars] as expressed in fatwas [recorded decisions])

  4. Schools of Law (madhhabs) 1. Hanafis - in Iraq, following Abu Hanifa 2. Awza‘is - in Syria, following al-Awza‘i 3. Malikis - in Arabia and elsewhere, following Malik ibn Anas 4. Shafi‘is - in Egypt, following al-Shafi‘i 5. Hanbalis - following Ahmad ibn Hanbal (d. 855) 6. Zahiris - following Da’ud al-Zahiri (d. 883)

  5. mufti = jurisconsult Pillars of Islam: 1. Shahada (testimony) 2. Salat (ritual prayer) 3. Zakat (almsgiving) 4. Sawm (fasting) 5. Hajj (greater pilgrimage)

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