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Structure and Function

Structure and Function. Chapter 20. Hierarchy of Structure (A Review). From most exclusive to most inclusive Cells : structural and functional unit of a living organism Muscle fibers, neurons and erythrocyte Tissues : integrated group of cells with a common function

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Structure and Function

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  1. Structure and Function Chapter 20

  2. Hierarchy of Structure (A Review) • From most exclusive to most inclusive • Cells: structural and functional unit of a living organism • Muscle fibers, neurons and erythrocyte • Tissues: integrated group of cells with a common function • 4 main types: Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous • Organs: 2+ tissue types that work to perform a task • Heart, lungs, kidneys, brain, and liver • Organ systems: multiple organs that perform a vital function • Circulatory, nervous, reproductive, and respiratory • Organism: a number of organ systems with different functions to form 1 coordinated unit • Interaction between systems to facilitate life • Example of emergent properties

  3. Similarity in Body Plans • Results from convergent evolution • Similar environmental challenges face diverse organisms • E.g water resistance • Can decerase by streamlining shape • Can revise earlier theories • Speed of Tyrannosaurus rex

  4. Epithelial Tissue (epithelium) • Covers body surfaces and lines internal organs and cavities • Basal (connecting base) and apical (free) ends • Classified by cell layer and shape • Simple or stratified • Squamous, cuboidal, and columnar • Pseudostratified • Shape and layer reflect function • Simple layers facilitate diffusion • Stratified for abbrasive surfaces • Cells move basal to apical while sloughing off old

  5. Epithelial Types

  6. Connective Tissue • Sparse cells spread throughout a matrix they created • Liquid, jelly, or solid • 6 major types • Loose connective: most common, matrix of collagen (strength) and elastic (resilient) fibers • Fibrous connective: dense packing of collagen fibers; tendons and ligaments • Adipose: stores fat in cells; fat droplet swell or shrink with storage • Cartilage: dense collagen fibers (strong and flexible) • Bone: collagen in mineralized Ca2+, Mg2+, and P • Blood: matrix is plasma containing water, salts, and dissolved proteins

  7. Omentum

  8. Connective Types

  9. Cells called muscle fibers Most abundant tissue in most animals Contractile proteins, actin and myosin, within cytoplasm 3 Types Muscle Tissue

  10. Senses stimuli and transmits information throughout the body Structural, functional unit is a neuron Tissue contains neurons and other supporting cells CellBody Nucleus Nervous Tissue

  11. Each of the 4 tissue types perform different functions Together contribute to the functioning of an organ Bioengineers have created artificially in the lab for replacements from a recipients cells Organs

  12. Anatomical Terminology Posterior Sagittal plane Anterior

  13. Organ Systems • All interdependent and work together • 12 found in vertebrate animals • Endocrine: controls hormones • Skeletal: bones for structure, support, and shape • Circulatory: nutrients and oxygen to body • Respiratory: exchange gases in body with environment • Muscular: produces movement and heat; produces heat • Integument: skin for protection and fluid retention • Lymphatic: lymph nodes to return excess fluid; immunity role • Immune: defense against infections • Urinary: bladder to excrete nitrogenous wastes and regulation • Digestive: ingest and breaks down food to obtain nutrients • Reproductive: gametes and gonads to preserve the species • Nervous: coordinates body activities and cell signaling

  14. Integument System • Skin, hair, and nails • Structure • Epidermis (5 layers) of stratified squamous • Dermis contains accessory structures • Hypodermis contains adipose tissue; injection sites • Functions • Tightly joined cells for protection • Sensory receptors for environmental information • Produce vitamin D, necessary for absorbing calcium • Adequate sunlight necessary • Hair and nails • Oil secretion lubricate hair and inhibit bacterial growth • Insulation, goose-bumps are remnants • Nails for manipulation and scratching

  15. Skin Section

  16. Molecular Exchange • O2 and nutrients must enter cells • CO2 and wastes must exit • Larger organisms have smaller outer surfaces than inner • All cells must be in an aqueous environment • Folds and alternate structures within to facilitate

  17. Homeostasis and Feedback • Responses minimize internal changes due to large external ones • Most homeostatic controls due to negative feedback • One variable change causes a reverse change • Interaction of stimulus, receptor, control center, and effector, and response

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