Chapter 8

1. Chapter 8 Non-Verbal Communication

2. Nonverbal Communication Definition: Human action and behavior and the corresponding meaning that is attached to behavior. In short, everything but the words. • It is far more than just gestures and eye contact.

3. Complement—what is being said and accompany the words. Accenting—strong action supporting words. Contradicting—say the opposite of the verbal message. Repeating—verbal signal followed by physical signal. Regulating—speaking louder or holding up a hand. Substituting—using action or symbolsin lieu of words. Linkage of Verbal and Nonverbal Communication

4. Exchange of information thru nonlinguistic signs Assists in drawing accurate conclusions Increases sensitivity Nonverbal is stronger Nonverbal adds to or qualifies message More frequent: 7 % words 55% body (facial, posture) 38% voice (Mehrabian (1968) Why pay attention to nonverbal?

5. For discussion • Why do you consider nonverbal communication important? What are some examples of the ways you use nonverbal communication in your personal and professional lives?

6. Kinesics • Movement—most studied category of nonverbal communication; includes gestures as wellas posture. • Not a precise science. • Differs between cultures. • More accurate if observed over time. • Gestures. • Cultural context (Symbols and actionvary).

7. For discussion • When you picture people you talk to on the telephone, through email or in newsgroups (such as in your Kaplan class) before meeting them face to face, does your expectation of how they will look usually turn out to be accurate?

8. For discussion • What vocal and nonverbal cues did they use that led to your picture of how they would look?

9. Strategic Usage of Nonverbal Signals Emblems—actually stand for something. Illustrators—complement verbal message. Regulators—gestures that control what a speaker says. Affect Display—more complex and obvious. Adapter—moving body parts that simulate what you would like to do, but can’t.

10. Facial expressions: • Smiling is a powerful cue that transmits: • Happiness • Friendliness • Warmth • Liking • Affiliation • Thus, if you smile frequently you will be perceived as more likable, friendly, warm and approachable. Smiling is often contagious and students will react favorably and learn more.

11. QUESTION: In this picture, an experienced flight attendant demonstrates a facial expression she uses at work. Is she performing genuine warmth, or is it concealed irritation? • a. Genuine Warmthb. Concealed Irritation

12. Answer • The woman is a flight attendant and she and the other attendants have learned that you can say anything to a passenger as long as you smile. She demonstrates this by performing the smile she uses while dealing with unruly or inebriated passengers. The verbal content of what she says is quite negative, but as long as the attendant smiles while saying it, the passenger accepts the information without complaint.

13. Gestures: • If you fail to gesture while speaking, you may be perceived as boring, stiff and unanimated. A lively and animated teaching style captures students' attention, makes the material more interesting, facilitates learning and provides a bit of entertainment. Head nods, a form of gestures, communicate positive reinforcement to students and indicate that you are listening.

14. QUESTION: In the video A World of Gestures, people from all over the world demonstrate the remarkable diversity of international gestures. Can you guess the meaning of this Japanese gesture? • a. I'm scared like a bunnyb. I've been hearing things about youc. I'm angry

15. Answer: I’m angry • The Japanese woman demonstrates the gesture for 'I'm angry.' There is no 'international language' of gestures. Instead, cultures have developed systems of unique gestures, and it is almost never possible for us to understand intuitively the gestures from another culture.

16. Gestures • Cognitively, gestures operate to clarify, contradict, or replace verbal messages. Gestures also serve an important function with regard to regulating the flow of conversation.

17. PROXEMICSPersonal Space • DISTANCE • Intimate Distance 18” • Personal Distance 1 - 4 ‘ • Social Distance 4 - 8’ • Public Distance 12’ • STATUS • Higher physical locations • Privacy • Propinquity—close to power

18. What Can You Interpret About a Person'sBody Language From a Photograph? • Barak Obama certainly is known for his striking IMAGE.

19. What do you see? • Notice the intensity on his face. The cheek bones. The strength of his jaw. The back of a soldier.

20. Body Language of Nicky Hilton with ex-boyfriend Brian Connolly. • Question: "Kevin, will these two last?" Answer...observe...

21. Observations • Notice Nicky's body language. The knee elevated against her boyfriend's right leg. Her left leg supporting her entire body. The expressionless smile as she poses for the other photographer. • One clue I always look for is, "Where is the cell phone." Pocket or hand. Answer: Hand. No, this will not last.

22. QUESTION: This man comes from a culture where HEAVIER women are seen as more attractive. Can you guess where he comes from? • a. Jamaicab. New Guineac. Ivory Coast

23. Answer: • In the African nation of the Ivory Coast, the cultural preference is for the much heavier woman. As this man explains in the video, people in the Ivory Coast have a saying, "The bigger the better." When a woman approaches marriage, she is given a special diet to gain weight, so that she will be as large as possible on her wedding day. Many other societies also regard the heavier body shape as more attractive. This demonstrates that the 'ultra-thin' ideal in some Western societies is far from universal or inevitable.

24. Spatial Differences Proxemics zones vary according to: • Culture—awkwardness can result. • Gender—Men tend to maintain larger personal space bubbles than women. • Temporary reductions cause people to “stake out” territory. • Barriers • Arranging personal “stuff” • Cubicles

25. For discussion • How are nonverbal cues displayed in computer mediated communication (emails and newsgroups)? • What do nonverbal cues such as typos, slang spelling errors, incomplete sentences, and poor sentence structure communicate to the receiver about the sender? 

26. Exploring Human Proxemics • Every culture has rules about the CORRECT use of space. The "proxemic" rules are unwritten and never taught-- but they are very powerful and known to all members of the culture. What will this woman do??

27. Select One • a. She will ask them to sit somewhere else • b. She will stare at the space "invaders" defiantly, but she will not move • c. She will leave, saying nothing to the three people who invaded her personal space

28. Answer • C. Flight is the most common response to spatial invasions, and only 2% of the "invaded" people in proxemics experiments ever say anything to those who invade their personal space. The invasion is stressful for the invaded, making an early departure is almost certain.

29. Paralanguage • Nonverbal aspects of vocal delivery: pitch, tone, response or onset time, and duration of message. • Nervous—high pitch • Slow response—lying or thoughtful

30. Men and Women in Business • Men take up more space • Handshakes—firm, not bone crunching. • Women smile more and are expected to smile • Women maintain eye contact longer

31. BASE LINE behavior before judging MOVEMENT Hand-to-face (cover mouth) Nose rub Lip biting Foot tapping Open gestures show comfort. DRESS Close and open coat Play with collar Picking at lint on clothing PROXEMICS Moving away PARALANGUAGE Slow response Long answers Vocal pitch Nonverbal Leakage of Deception—Lying