Advances in Transportation Planning & Infrastructure Projects

1. KEYNOTE PAPER ADVANCES ,KEY ISSUES, CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING & INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS by Dr. S.L.Dhingra Professor, Transportation System Engineering, Civil Engineering Department, I.I.T. Bombay www.civil.iitb.ac.in/~dhingra at National Conference on EMERGING TECHNOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENTS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING (ETDCE07) Mar 22-23, 2007 ORGANISED BY DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINRRTING, GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AMRAVATI 444604

2. CONTENTS • Introduction to Urban Transportation • Systems Planning & • TransportationInfrastructure Projects • Need of Advanced Techniques • Discussion of Advanced Techniques with applications • Impact of Information Technology • Summary and Conclusions

3. Infrastructure as key to economic development • Of late (about 10 years back) GoI realized that the development of Infrastructure--- will lead to economic development--- but there were many uncertainty Issues

4. TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUTUREIssues • ISSUES One vis-à-vis other Infrastructure and within Infrastructure. • RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUTUREAT IIT BOMBAY, THE DISCUSSIONS ABOUT THE ISSUES STARTED WAY BACK IN 1988 WHEN WE ORGANISED 1ST NCOTSS-88 . AND SINCE THEN • ADMINISTRATIVE , LEGAL AND FINACIAL ISSUES HAVE BEEN DISCUSSED IN 11 SUCH MEETINGS ORGAINSED HERE. • WORLD IS WATCHING INDIA MOVE TO BECOME ECONOMICALLY DEVELOPED AND AN ECONOMIC POWER • INDIA IS LOOKING AT IT’S INADEQUATE AND INFERIOR QUALITY TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUTURE. AND TAKEN TO A NUMBER of ACTIONS AND RESOLVES FOR TOTAL TRANSFORMATIONS AT • 1.CITY LEVEL , 2. REGIONAL LEVEL AND3. AT RURAL LEVEL [PURA] .

5. TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS • A Minimum of 14 lakh crores [over USD 300 Billions] WORTH TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS ARE PLANNED for over next 10 years pertaining to • 1. URBAN -JNNURM PROJECTS---rail, road ,water transport and integration • 2. a) REGIONAL [NHDP] -& • b) FREIGHT CORRIDORS-MUMBAI-DELHI-KOLKATTA • c) Connecting places of Tourist Attraction and • d) major Ports • 3. RURAL -PMGSY/ NRRDA • 4. RAILWAYS - • 1. Rail Road connectivity to major ports • 2. RAIL FREIGHT CORRIDORS-MUMBAI-DELHI-KOLKATTA • 5. AIRPORTS –new and modernization of existing airports • 6.PORTS • 7.INTER-MODAL COORDINATION PASSEGERS • 8. FREIGHT TRANSPORT LOGISTICS for goods movements • FREIGHT CORRIDOORS- RAIL / HIGHWAYS

6. TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS :CONCEPTION TO IMPLEMENTATION • CONCEPTION TO IMPLEMENTATION OF TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS • 1. ADMINISTRATIVE, FINANCIAL AND LEGAL ISSUES • 2. AUTHORITIES AND CORPORATIONS IN ALL STATES • 3. FIDIC AND NHDP LEGAL DOCUMENTS FOR BIDDING AND PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION • TREATMENT OF RISKS AND UNCERTAINTY IN PROJECTS • ITS – wireless, Telecom, electronics, sensing • www.wilcom.co.in • TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUTURE WITHIN SEZ’s

7. Road Rail Connectivity • Report of the Committee of Secretaries • Road Rail Connectivity of Major Portsrecommends:1.The Delhi-Mumbai and Delhi-Howrah Freight Corridors.2.Financial Support to Public Private Partnerships in Infrastructure.3.Formulation, Appraisal And Approval of Public Private Partnership Projects.4.Financing Infrastructure Projects through the India Infrastructure • Finance Company.5.Customs Procedures and Functioning of Container Freight Stations and Ports.6. Financing of the National Highway Development Programme (NHDP)

8. Financing Plan • Financing Plan for Airports 1.(Overview of the Framework)Model Concession Agreement for PPP in State Highways • 2.(Overview of the Framework) Model Concession Agreement for PPP in Operation and Maintenance • 3.(Overview of the Framework) Model Concession Agreement for PPP in Ports • http://www.infrastructure.gov.in/publications.htm

9. Emerging Opportunities and Training NEEDS • Emerging Opportunities and Training NEEDS • With such a large number of new projects on offer under public private partnership in the road sector, there are immense investments opportunities for: • Investors • Contractors • Consultants • Operations and Maintenance • operators • Equipment manufacturers/ • Suppliers • Toll Operators • ITS Companies • Issues

10. Administrative Issues • If small scale private operators, operating in competition with STU’s are allowed to operate on any road, the private operator may choose the most profitable one and neglect the routes which are liable to be incur loses • The wage level and other amenities provided to the STU employees are better than the private operators. This will cause inefficient employees to work under private operator

11. Administrative Issues • Infirmity of the present system, its lack of professionalism, absence of accountability and hierarchical nature of decision making contribute infeasibility of private sector participation • The public sector does not posses right to remove an employee from service due to inefficiency as he is in a government service

12. Financial Issues • Financial Issues • 1. Risk assessment and mitigation strategy. • Financial modelling project structuring. • 3. Development of efficient financial structures. • 4. Assess appetite of financial market & terms. • 5. Developing financial plan. • 6. Identification, evaluation and selection of member • of lending consortium. • 7. Negotiation of financing terms. • Negotiation of financing documents.

13. Legal Issues • Legal Issues • 1.There are innumerable possibilities in the road sector but the major hurdle is the ownership of the facility. • 2.The earlier passion allowed the tolls to be collected by the Govt. Only, and then to transfer to the private party. • 3.Lack of maintenance funds • 4.Extremely bureaucratic setup of the administrative structures, not responsive to user needs. • 5. Lack of clearly defined responsibilities of the central and local governments for managing the network. • 6. Shortage of qualified technical staff, low salaries and few incentives to perform better. • 7. Poor management information system.

14. Traffic Problems • Human problems • Vehicle problems • Road design features • Environmental factors.

15. Introduction to Urban Transportation Planning System Environment Ensemble Environment Interface Transportation System Transportation System Input + - Output + -

16. Challenges in Transportation System • Human Behavior • EIA • Size of The Problem • Choice of Technology • Squeezing Space Availability • Multi Objective/Criteria • Multi-Sectoral / Multi Modal • Environmental Aspects

17. Traffic Vs Transportation Management

18. TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENT • Conveyance of Passengers and Goods in an Efficient, Economic, Safe, Comfortable and Tension free way. TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT • Optimal use of Existing Street System TRANSPORTATION PLANNING Vs TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENT Long Term Short Term (Operation & Maintenance) Vs TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT Problem Solving

19. Traffic Problems >Human (driver and pedestrian) Physical Limitations • Strength • Vision • Judgment • Reaction • Drinking • Fatigue • Faulty Actions • Violations • Bad Practices • Personal Desires

20. Environmental Factors • Encroachments • Land Use Types • Terrain Types

21. Vehicle Problems • Design Limitations • Size, Weight, Power • Visibility • Safety • Maintenance • Performance • Deceleration • Turning Radius

22. Road Design Features • Alignment • Grade • Intersections • Adequate Capacity • Terminal Facility • Loading • Parking • Hazardous Locations • Control Devices

23. Preventive Measures • Engineering measures • Enforcement measures • Educational measures

24. Preventive Measures Engineering Measures • Proper Marking Of X-Walks For Pedestrians • Signs And Signals • Pedestrian Islands

25. Vehicles • Effective Crossings • Junctions • Proper Signals and Sign Posts • Remove Obstructions

26. Enforcement measures • speed • Volume • one way streets • silence zones • Canalization • traffic police

27. Educational Aids • Pedestrians • adults • children

28. Transportations Problems • 1.Direct Transportation Service Problems • 2.Those in the problem domain affected by transportation • 3.Those in problem domain that affect transportation

29. Transportations Problems >Direct Transportation Service Problems • Congestion • inadequate capacity • high user cost • high facility cost / low rate of return • lack of safety for user • discomfort

30. Transportations Problems Those in the problem domain affected by transportation • air pollution • noise • visual intrusion • poor appearance • excessive right of way and relocation requirements • inordinate changes in the value of land • inappropriate or undesirable land development • unequal impact on certain population groups

31. Transportations Problems >Those in problem domain that affect transportation • increase population growth and dispersion • increased automobile ownership • peakedness in the amount and timing of travel

32. Transportation Problem Desired State – Actual State Problem= Goals Objectives Desired State Much more Dynamic Problems or issues can be reduced but can NEVER be eliminated

33. Model Something which in some respect resembles or describes the structures and/or behavior of the real life counterpart.

34. Different types of models There are 3 different types of models • Iconic • Analogy • symbolic

35. Iconic:Those that look like reality, that is, are visual, geometric equivalent Eg: model airlines Analogy: those in which there is a correspondence between elements and action in model and those in reality but no physical resemblance Eg: football play diagram Symbolic: those that compactly and abstractly represent the principle of reality Eg: F=ma

36. Any model contains the following five sets of elements: • variable over which the designer has complete control:Xi • variable over which the designer has no control:Zj • variable over which the designer has indirect control:Yk • general relationships between the above variables:Rm • parameters (coefficients, constants, exponents, etc) in the above relationships:Pn Symbolically, a model M is represented by M = {Xi, Zj, Yk, Rm, Pn)

37. Different Methods of Planning • Projective Planning • Objective Planning • Deductive Planning

38. Projective Planning This method is suitable for forecasting traffic flows, vehicle ownership, residential densities, population trends, economic growth, and socio economic indices Objective Planning This method is a sort of mathematical programming like linear, non-linear, queuing and dynamic programming Eg: network optimization Deductive Planning This method is used for synthesis of the future state of the system for laws, equations or models that govern its behavior.

39. Transportation Infrastructure Projects: From Conception to Implementation

40. The Stages Conception: • Identification of project alternatives • Selection of the best alternative Implementation: • Construction of the project • Operation and Maintenance

41. TOTAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS PLANNING PROCESS

42. Organizational Setup for Planning and Prioritizing • Formation of Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) • Preparation of proposal/tender document • Guidelines for selection of tenders • Pre-bid selection • Selection of PMC • Selection of contractors • Proof consultants

43. Rural Road Planning Process • Creation of road development plans (alternatives) for achieving the objectives of integrated rural development. • Allocating priorities to rural areas under consideration through the various plans • Qualification of the benefits of alternatives and subsequent comparison between competing plans. • Selection of the ‘optimal’ road development plan through the above process.

44. Transport Priority Indices (TPI) in a System’s Framework • The Need: - Huge investments involved and priority needs to be given to villages with higher population and potential market surplus. • The proposals discussed are those initiated by: • the State Government of Karnataka • the Indonesian rural roads study group • the ARD (Accelerated Rural Development) road network of Thailand

45. The Karnataka State Government proposal for computing TPI » Marking or index based system with highest marks for villages with population greater than 1000 people. » The indices are based on factors such as population, village accessibility, local market, regulated market, hospital, post office, school, and electrification. » Each factor is assigned some marks and the priority is based on the total marks. » Drawback of method:- only few factors considered.

46. The Indonesian Rural Road Study Group proposal for computing TPI » 2 components for TPI - Requirement factors and Provision factors. » Requirement factors such as traffic flow, traffic growth, population density, socio-economic benefits expected, area of influence, and network significance. » Provision factors such as length of road, surface type, surface condition, terrain, carriageway and formation width, stability of drainage and culverts, condition of bridges and major crossings » TPI given by (Requirement factor score/Provision factor score)*100.

47. ARD (Accelerated Rural Development) road network proposal of Thailand for TPI » 2 Factors: Benefit and Cost factors. » Benefit factors such as agricultural production, cultivable land, water availability, population, existing road condition, traffic volume, co-operation among people, public utilities and private enterprises. » Benefit and Cost scores worked out after giving certain marks to all the factors. » TPI = (Total Benefit Score) / (Total Cost Score)

48. Trip Generation & Distribution in a Systems’ Framework » Village with the highest TPI is identified and is designated as the origin node. » Destinations to which traffic is generated from the origin node are also identified and are designated as the destination nodes. » Primary survey enables traffic estimation from the village by different transportation modes as well as distribution among various links. » For inter zonal trip generation in the village region, a gravity model is hypothesized and calibrated to estimate the slope and intercept coefficients.

49. UNDP - Government of India Project on Pro-poor Globalisation Aim: Informed and participatory pro-poor policy making, strategy and programme formulation Methodology: • Review of already conducted research on pro-poor and anti-poor impacts of globalisation • Additional research and analysis • Involvement of the poor in the policy dialogue • Making information accessible to lay- person

50. Methodology for Selection of Proposal • Organisations short-listed on the basis of initial proposals • Selection of 3 top-ranked proposals based on their presentations • Initial contract awarded to these 3 organisations to further refine and detail their proposal, work plan and project strategy. • Review of final proposals by a panel • Project awarded to the highest ranked proposal