1 / 16

EUH4282 Review for Final

EUH4282 Review for Final. From Détente to Dissolution of European communism. Demise of Khrushchev and the rise of Brezhnev. Cooling off period in space race and nuclear arms race (Partial test ban treaty, 1963, Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty, 1968, etc.) SALT I-II, 1972-

ciqala
Télécharger la présentation

EUH4282 Review for Final

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. EUH4282 Review for Final From Détente to Dissolution of European communism.

  2. Demise of Khrushchev and the rise of Brezhnev. • Cooling off period in space race and nuclear arms race (Partial test ban treaty, 1963, Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty, 1968, etc.) • SALT I-II, 1972- • “Trilaterialism”:- Nixon trip to China and Soviet Union Post Cuban missile crisis

  3. Détente in Western Europe – Willy Brandt and Ostpolitik, etc. • Helsinki Accords 1975 – common ideological assumptions about human rights in post-war Europe. • Increased trade between East and West Détente era, cont.

  4. Third world national liberation movements in Africa and elsewhere (Angola, Mozambique, etc.) • Crises in central Asia and Central America (Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and the Sandinista revolution of 1979) Reasons why Détente ends

  5. Regime changes: Reagan, Thatcher and Cold War warriors in the west. Brezhnev and successors until 1985. • Reagan/Thatcher (“Iron Lady”) on the offensive: Argentina, Grenada, Contras, SDI… • Neutron Bomb and basing of Intermediate range missiles in Europe (SS 20s) Détente, cont.

  6. European protest movements (CND revival) during 1980s. • Cold War conflicts without end? Revival of tensions between East and West seem to be heading towards a global confrontation… Détente, cont.

  7. Gorbachev’s rise to power and international prominence (glasnost and perestroika become the watchwords of Soviet communism) • Protest movements gain momentum in communist Europe (Solidarity in Poland, Charter 77 in Czechoslovakia) Second Cold War ends, 1986-

  8. Gorbachev’s concept of “Common house of Europe” embraced by USSR and the rest of Europe. • Decline of communist economies continues uninterrupted. • Gorbachev’s “My way” foreign policy replaces Brezhnev Doctrine End of Cold War

  9. Communist regimes challenged peacefully by trade unions, samizdat, and reformers in Poland (Solidarity), East Germany (Neues Forum), Czechoslovakia (Charter 77/Civic Forum), and Hungary (Pozsgay) • Opening of borders (Hungary) and winning of free elections (Poland) pave way to Berlin drama in November, 1989. Revolutions of 1989

  10. Role of economics: standard of living, shortages of food/fuel/consumer products, communist system’s failure to sustain economic prosperity (structural impediments of a command economy to reform and modification.) • Revolution of the intellectuals? Street demonstrations and economically-motivated strikes brought pressures against the existing rulers. But it was the intellectuals who formulated the political ideology for revolution. What brought people out on the streets in 1989?

  11. What were the ideological messages being promoted by these leaders? • Liberalism – freedom of speech, national self-determination, choice in the public (politics) and private (religion) arenas, autonomy in the marketplace. • To what extent were these wants/desires compatible with socialist ideals? (“Socialism with a human face…”) Forces of revolutionary change

  12. Failure of the communist vision of present, past, and future. • Teleological understanding of historical processes: one stage leads to another until the end of history is reached: classless society/communism. • Challenging this utopian vision was the materialist world of capitalism/consumerism. Internal Contradictions of Soviet-style communism

  13. Did communism fail in Europe because the Soviet Union was unable to keep up with the Western (US) powers? ( E.g., space race, missile technology/production, etc.) • Was peaceful coexistence, along the lines suggested by Gorbachev in the final stages of the Cold War, an impossibility? External forces

  14. "What we may be witnessing is not just the end of the Cold War, or the passing of a particular period of post-war history, but the end of history as such... That is, the end point of mankind's ideological evolution and the universalization of Western liberal democracy as the final form of human government.“ Francis Fukuyama, Johns Hopkins University The meaning of the Cold War

  15. Who won the Cold War and Why?

  16. Role of economics • Role of ideology (intellectuals, writings) • Role of politicians (Reagan, Gorbachev, Brandt, De Gaulle) • Communism vs. Capitalism: a winner take all contest? Who won the Cold War and why?

More Related