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Elemental Distributions in the Universe and the Solid Earth

Elemental Distributions in the Universe and the Solid Earth. GLY 4241 - Lecture 2 Fall, 2014. Elemental Abundance Expression. Number of atoms per million atoms Weight percent Volume percent Relative to abundance of silicon. Abundance versus Atomic Number. Light Element Abundance.

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Elemental Distributions in the Universe and the Solid Earth

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  1. Elemental Distributions in the Universe and the Solid Earth GLY 4241 - Lecture 2 Fall, 2014

  2. Elemental Abundance Expression • Number of atoms per million atoms • Weight percent • Volume percent • Relative to abundance of silicon

  3. Abundance versus Atomic Number

  4. Light Element Abundance

  5. Oddo-Harkins Rule • For elements heavier than H, the Oddo-Harkins rule holds that elements with an even atomic number (such as carbon) are more common than elements with an odd atomic number (such as nitrogen) • The effect was first reported by Giuseppe Oddo in 1914 and William Draper Harkins in 1917 • Elements with odd atomic numbers have one unpaired proton • During nucleosynthesis, these elements are more likely to capture another proton, thus increasing their atomic number • In elements with even atomic numbers, protons are paired, with each member of the pair offsetting the spin of the other, enhancing stability

  6. Odd-Odd Scarcity • Li6 7.42 % Li7 92.58% • B10 19.80 % B11 80.20% • K39 93.20 % K40 0.012% K41 6.73% • Results from the Oddo-Harkins Rule

  7. Cosmic Abundances Cosmic Abundances Normalized to Si = 106

  8. Hydrogen-Helium Dominence

  9. Solar System versus Earth

  10. Crustal Abundances in the Earth Approximate percentage by weight

  11. Continental versus Total Crust • After Mason and Moore, 1982, p.44

  12. Different Types of Data

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