Advanced C1 – C2

1. Advanced C1 – C2 Joining Grammar Forces

2. Unit 8 – Presentation 1 • How many forms does the English verb have? 3: the infinitive, the gerund & the participle • What is their main use? To shorten speech & link sentences (among others)

3. The InfinitivePresentation 2

4. What is the ‘infinitive’? The base form of the verb without a personal pronoun-subject before it. And what is it divided into? Full Infinitive (with ‘to’) Bare Infinitive (without ‘to’)

5. Bare Infinitive Uses a) After the Modal Verbs (except for ought) b) After: had better, would rather/ sooner c) After the verbs make, let IN THE ACTIVE VOICE d) After the verbs see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe, look at, listen to IN THE ACTIVE VOICE for an action that we perceived in its entirety e) After ‘why’ (not)

6. Bare Infinitive Uses (cont’d) f) After and that links 2 infinitives g) After the auxiliary or main verbs do/ does/ did h) After the verb have in the structure: have sb do sth i)After the verb help (to infinitive is also possible) j) After but (meaning except), in negative statements.

7. Full Infinitive Uses • After adjectives expressing emotion (in same person constructions) b) After nouns c) To express Purpose d) In too & enough constructions e) After certain verbs, like:

8. Verbs followed by a ‘to-infinitive’

9. Full Infinitive Uses (cont’d) f) In impersonal constructions, starting with It g) After the Indefinite Pronouns & adjectives like: the first, the last, the only (one), in place of a relative clause h) After Question Words (exc. why), in place of a subordinate clause i) To show Negative Result (usu. after only) j) After be (omitting should).

10. Infinitive Time Forms These are unchanged forms that show how the infinitive relates to the main verb time-wise. They are:

11. Infinitive Time Forms – Uses

12. Change of Person for the Infinitive • If the subject of the infinitive is the same as that of the main verb (same-person construction), it is not repeated. e.g. I want to go home. • If it is different, then: a) it is markedly mentioned b) it comes before the infinitive c) it is in theaccusative case e.g. I want Jim to go home/ I want him to go home

13. Change of Person – Infinitive (cont’d) • If the subject of the infinitive (Jim/ him) is the object of the main verb (want), it is already in the accusative. When it is not, we turn it with the preposition for, using the rule: accusative after a preposition, i.e. e.g. I heldthe door wide open for granny to come in. • Here, the object of the main verb (held) is ‘the door’ and therefore ‘granny’, which is the subject of the infinitive, has nothing to do with it, so we need for to make it into an accusative noun.

14. The GerundPresentation 3

15. How is the ‘gerund’ formed? The Bare Infinitive + -ing And what is it grammatically? A verb-noun

16. Gerund Uses • After prepositions • As (part of) a Subject • As (part of) an Object i) after certain verbs: ii) after certain expressions: iii) after certain expressions with the preposition ‘to’:

17. Verbs followed by a ‘gerund’ (i)

18. Expressions followed by ‘gerund’ (ii)

19. Expressions with ‘to’ followed by ‘gerund’ (iii)

20. Gerund Time Forms These are more or less the same as those of the infinitive, i.e. unchanged forms that show how the gerund relates to the main verb time-wise. They are:

21. Gerund Time Forms – Uses NB. The perfect forms are rarely used, if ever, because they are too formal & the order of actions is often obvious even with the simple forms.

22. Change of Person for the Gerund • If the subject of the gerund is the same as that of the main verb (same-person construction), it is not repeated. e.g. I enjoy walking in the rain. • If it is different, then: a) it is markedly mentioned b) it comes before the gerund c) it is in thepossessive (Jim’s/ his) OR the accusative case (Jim/ him) e.g. I object to Jim’s/ his – Jim/ him going home alone.

23. Change of Person – Gerund (cont’d) • The Possessive is not very common and can’t be used in all cases, except when the different-person gerund is the Subject of the sentence (or part of it). e.g. I can’t envisage him living the good life. (the possessive here would be too awkward) BUT His coming in late made it hard for us to go ahead as planned. (no accusative here!)

24. Gerund or Infinitive? Presentation 4

25. Some verbs are followed by either a gerund or an infinitive (I): There are 3 distinct cases with these verbs: I) Without meaning changes Start, begin, continue, intend, propose bother RESTRICTION: No –ing if start & begin are in Continuous forms themselves. e.g. It started raining OR it started to rain BUT It was beginning to get dark

26. Some verbs are followed by either a gerund or an infinitive (II): II) Without meaning changes but depending on structure Allow/ permit, forbid, advise, recommend, encourage a) + -ing when the –ing word is their object e.g. We don’t allowparking here. b) + to inf. when there is a person-object e.g. We don’t allowvisitorsto park here. c) + to inf. in the Passive Voice e.g. Visitors are not allowedto park here.

27. Some verbs are followed by either a gerund or an infinitive (III): III) With meaning changes (a) -ing: the –ing action happened before these verbs remember/ forget/ regret/ be sorry to-inf.: the to-inf. action happens after these verbs

28. Some verbs are followed by either a gerund or an infinitive (III): III) With meaning changes (b) -ing: stop/ continue what I’ve been doing so far stop/ go on to-inf.: purpose

29. Some verbs are followed by either a gerund or an infinitive (III): III) With meaning changes (c) -ing: fear the possibility of sth happening be afraid/ dread to-inf.: fear the prospect (& so don’t do it)

30. Some verbs are followed by either a gerund or an infinitive (III): III) With meaning changes (d) -ing: experiment with/ test sth try to-inf.: normal meaning: make an effort

31. Some verbs are followed by either a gerund or an infinitive (III): III) With meaning changes (e) -ing: normal meaning: entail mean to-inf.: intend

32. Some verbs are followed by either a gerund or an infinitive (III): III) With meaning changes (f) -ing: normal meaning: general preference to-inf.: habit/ state & feelings about it verbs of like/ dislike to-inf.: ALWAYS when ‘would’ precedes these verbs

33. Some verbs are followed by either a gerund or an infinitive (III): III) With meaning changes (g) -ing: describes the process of teaching/ learning teach/ learn to-inf.: describes the completed process

34. Some verbs are followed by either a gerund or an infinitive (III): III) With meaning changes (h) -ing: passive meaning (same as passive inf.) need/ want/ require to-inf.: normal structure & meaning of these verbs

35. The Participle Presentation 5

36. Mainly 2, but with Time forms. • How many participle forms are there in English? • Which are they? i) The Present Participle (same form as the Gerund) Bare Infinitive + -ing & ii) The Past Participle (same form as the Past Tense) Bare Infinitive + -ed

37. Participle Uses We use the participles in 3 ways: a) to form the verb tenses b) as adjectives (or parts of compound adjectives) c) to shorten subordinate clauses

38. How to shorten a subordinate clauseusing a participle: a) take out the link/ linking phrase b) omit the subject (if same as that of the main clause) & the auxiliary verb (if any) & c) turn the verb into a participle (an –ing one if replacing an active tense OR an –ed one if replacing a passive tense).

39. Participle Time Forms These are also the same as those of the infinitive & the gerund, i.e. unchanged forms that show how the participle relates to the main verb time-wise. They are:

40. Participle Time Forms – Uses

41. Change of Person for the Participle • If the subject of the participle is the same as that of the main verb, it is not repeated. e.g. Coming in, she said ‘hello’ to all of us. • If it is different, then: a) it is markedly mentioned b) it comes before the participle c) it is in thenominative (Jim/ he) case e.g. Jim being present, she couldn’t lie about it.

42. Participle or Infinitive? Presentation 6

43. Some verbs are followed by a present participle or an infinitive (full or bare) but with differences in meaning/ message (a): bare inf.: action perceived in its entirety see/ hear/ feel/ notice/ observe/ etc -ing: part of an action was perceived to-inf.: in the Passive (instead of the bare above)

44. Some verbs are followed by a present participle or an infinitive (full or bare) but with differences in meaning/ message (b): -ing: activity motion verbs: come/ go – take sb/ send sb to-inf.: purpose/ intention

45. Some verbs are followed by a present participle or an infinitive (full or bare) but with differences in meaning/ message (c): -ing: seeing the completed result of sth we caused have/ get bare inf. (for ‘have’): asking sb to do sth for us to-inf. (for ‘get’): asking sb to do sth for us

46. Some verbs are followed by a present participle or an infinitive (full or bare) but with differences in meaning/ message (d): -ing: when sb/ sth is caught in the middle of sth find/ leave to-inf.: (for ‘find’)= discover/ (for ‘leave’)= assign duty

47. Some verbs are followed by a present participle or an infinitive (full or bare) but with differences in meaning/ message (e): -ing: Continuous forms be to-inf.: arrangements

48. Notes on all the verb forms: • The negative form for the infinitive, gerund and participles alike is: not + the full form • Infinitive cut short: when the same verb is implied in a second sentence, we tend to use the infinitive particle ‘to’ alone, not the whole verb/ sentence: e.g. I’d love to join you but I’m afraid I won’t be able to.