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Cellular Respiration Harvesting Chemical Energy

Learn about the process of cellular respiration, where organic molecules such as glucose are broken down to produce ATP, the energy currency of cells.

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Cellular Respiration Harvesting Chemical Energy

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  1. Cellular RespirationHarvesting Chemical Energy ATP

  2. What’s thepoint? The pointis to makeATP! ATP

  3. Overarching Concept: • Energy production through chemiosmosis • What is chemiosmosis?

  4. H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ + P H+ And how do we do that? • ATP synthase • set up a H+ gradient • allow H+ to flow through ATP synthase • powers bonding of Pi to ADP ADP + PiATP ADP ATP

  5. Harvesting stored energy • Energy is stored in organic molecules • carbohydrates, fats, proteins • Heterotrophs eat these organic molecules  food • digest organic molecules to get… • raw materials for synthesis • fuels for energy • controlled release of energy • “burning” fuels in a series of step-by-step enzyme-controlled reactions

  6. glucose + oxygen  energy + water + carbon dioxide respiration ATP + 6H2O + 6CO2 + heat  C6H12O6 + 6O2 COMBUSTION = making a lot of heat energy by burning fuels in one step ATP glucose O2 O2 fuel(carbohydrates) Harvesting stored energy • Glucose is the model • catabolism of glucose to produce ATP RESPIRATION = making ATP (& some heat)by burning fuels in many small steps ATP enzymes CO2 + H2O + heat CO2 + H2O + ATP (+ heat)

  7. + + oxidation reduction e- How do we harvest energy from fuels? • Digest large molecules into smaller ones • break bonds & move electrons from one molecule to another • as electrons move they “carry energy” with them • that energy is stored in another bond, released as heat or harvested to make ATP loses e- gains e- oxidized reduced + – e- e- redox

  8. e p loses e- gains e- oxidized reduced + – + + H oxidation reduction H  C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP H How do we move electrons in biology? • Moving electrons in living systems • electrons cannot move alone in cells • electrons move as part of H atom • move H = move electrons oxidation reduction e-

  9. Coupling oxidation & reduction • REDOX reactions in respiration • release energy as breakdown organic molecules • break C-C bonds • strip off electrons from C-H bonds by removing H atoms • C6H12O6CO2 =thefuel has been oxidized • electrons attracted to more electronegative atoms • in biology, the most electronegative atom? • O2H2O =oxygen has been reduced • couple REDOX reactions & use the released energy to synthesize ATP O2

  10. like $$in the bank O– O– O– O– P P P P –O –O –O –O O– O– O– O– O O O O NAD+ nicotinamide Vitamin B3 niacin O O H H C C NH2 C C NH2 How efficient! Build once,use many ways N+ N+ reduction + H oxidation phosphates adenine ribose sugar Moving electrons in respiration • Electron carriers move electrons by shuttling H atoms around • NAD+NADH (reduced) • FAD+2FADH2 (reduced) reducing power! NADH H carries electrons as a reduced molecule

  11. C6H12O6 + 6O2 ATP + 6H2O + 6CO2 Overview of cellular respiration • 4 metabolic stages • Anaerobic respiration 1. Glycolysis • respiration without O2 • in cytosol • Aerobic respiration • respiration using O2 • in mitochondria 2. Pyruvate oxidation 3. Krebs cycle 4. Electron transport chain (+ heat)

  12. H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ + P H+ And how do we do that? • ATP synthase enzyme • H+ flows through it • conformational changes • bondPitoADP to make ATP • set up a H+ gradient • allow the H+ to flow down concentration gradient through ATP synthase • ADP + Pi ATP ADP ATP But… How is the proton (H+) gradient formed?

  13. glucose      pyruvate 6C 3C 2x Glycolysis • Breaking down glucose • “glyco – lysis” (splitting sugar) • ancient pathway which harvests energy • where energy transfer first evolved • transfer energy from organic molecules to ATP • still is starting point for ALL cellular respiration • but it’s inefficient • generate only2 ATP for every 1 glucose • occurs in cytosol In thecytosol?Why doesthat makeevolutionarysense? That’s not enoughATP for me!

  14. Evolutionary perspective Enzymesof glycolysis are“well-conserved” • Prokaryotes • first cells had no organelles • Anaerobic atmosphere • life on Earth first evolved withoutfree oxygen (O2) in atmosphere • energy had to be captured from organic molecules in absence of O2 • Prokaryotes that evolved glycolysis are ancestors of all modern life • ALL cells still utilize glycolysis You meanwe’re related?Do I have to invitethem over for the holidays?

  15. 2 ATP 2 ADP 2 NAD+ 4 ADP ATP 4 2 Energy accounting of glycolysis • Net gain = 2 ATP + 2 NADH • some energy investment (-2 ATP) • small energy return (4 ATP + 2 NADH) • 1 6C sugar 2 3C sugars glucose      pyruvate 6C 3C 2x All that work! And that’s all I get? Butglucose hasso much moreto give!

  16. H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ + P H+ And how do we do that? • ATP synthase • set up a H+ gradient • allow H+ to flow through ATP synthase • powers bonding of Pi to ADP ADP + PiATP ADP ATP But… Have we done that yet?

  17. glucose      pyruvate 6C 3C 2x pyruvate       CO2 Glycolysis is only the start • Glycolysis • Pyruvate has more energy to yield • 3 more C to strip off (to oxidize) • if O2 is available, pyruvate enters mitochondria • enzymes of Krebs cycle complete the full oxidation of sugar to CO2 3C 1C

  18. Cellular respiration

  19. outer membrane intermembrane space inner membrane cristae matrix mitochondrialDNA Mitochondria — Structure • Double membrane energy harvesting organelle • smooth outer membrane • highly folded inner membrane • cristae • intermembrane space • fluid-filled space between membranes • matrix • inner fluid-filled space • DNA, ribosomes • enzymes • free in matrix & membrane-bound What cells would have a lot of mitochondria?

  20. Oooooh!Form fits function! Mitochondria – Function Dividing mitochondria Who else divides like that? Membrane-bound proteins Enzymes & permeases bacteria! Advantage of highly folded inner membrane? More surface area for membrane-bound enzymes & permeases What does this tell us about the evolution of eukaryotes? Endosymbiosis!

  21. [ ] 2x pyruvate  acetyl CoA + CO2 NAD Oxidation of pyruvate • Pyruvate enters mitochondrial matrix • 3 step oxidation process • releases 2 CO2(count the carbons!) • reduces 2NAD  2 NADH (moves e-) • produces 2acetyl CoA • Acetyl CoA enters Krebs cycle 1C 3C 2C Wheredoes theCO2 go? Exhale!

  22. NAD+ 2 x [ ] Pyruvate oxidized to Acetyl CoA reduction Acetyl CoA Coenzyme A CO2 Pyruvate C-C C-C-C oxidation Yield = 2C sugar + NADH + CO2

  23. 2C 6C 5C 4C 3C 4C 4C 4C 4C 6C CO2 CO2 Count the carbons! pyruvate acetyl CoA citrate oxidationof sugars This happens twice for each glucose molecule x2

  24. 2C 6C 5C 4C 3C 4C 6C 4C 4C 4C NADH ATP CO2 CO2 CO2 NADH NADH FADH2 NADH Count the electron carriers! pyruvate acetyl CoA citrate reductionof electroncarriers This happens twice for each glucose molecule x2

  25. Whassup? So we fully oxidized glucose C6H12O6  CO2 & ended up with 4 ATP! What’s the point?

  26. H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ Electron Carriers = Hydrogen Carriers • Krebs cycle produces large quantities of electron carriers • NADH • FADH2 • go to Electron Transport Chain! ADP+ Pi ATP What’s so important about electron carriers?

  27. 4 NAD+1 FAD 4 NADH+1FADH2 2x 1C 3x 1 ADP 1 ATP Energy accounting of Krebs cycle Net gain = 2 ATP = 8 NADH + 2 FADH2 pyruvate          CO2 3C ATP

  28. Value of Krebs cycle? • If the yield is only 2 ATP then how was the Krebs cycle an adaptation? • value of NADH & FADH2 • electron carriers & H carriers • reduced molecules move electrons • reduced molecules move H+ ions • to be used in the Electron Transport Chain like $$in the bank

  29. H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ + P H+ And how do we do that? • ATP synthase • set up a H+ gradient • allow H+ to flow through ATP synthase • powers bonding of Pi to ADP ADP + PiATP ADP ATP But… Have we done that yet?

  30. Cellular respiration

  31. ATP accounting so far… • Glycolysis 2ATP • Kreb’s cycle 2ATP • Life takes a lot of energy to run, need to extract more energy than 4 ATP! There’s got to be a better way! I need a lotmore ATP! A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs per second

  32. O2 There is a better way! • Electron Transport Chain • series of proteins built into inner mitochondrial membrane • along cristae • transport proteins& enzymes • transport of electrons down ETC linked to pumping of H+ to create H+ gradient • yields ~36 ATP from 1 glucose! • only in presence of O2 (aerobic respiration) Thatsounds morelike it!

  33. Mitochondria • Double membrane • outer membrane • inner membrane • highly folded cristae • enzymes & transport proteins • intermembrane space • fluid-filled space between membranes Oooooh!Form fits function!

  34. Innermitochondrialmembrane Electron Transport Chain Intermembrane space C Q cytochromebc complex cytochrome coxidase complex NADH dehydrogenase Mitochondrial matrix

  35. H2O O2 But what “pulls” the electrons down the ETC? electronsflow downhill to O2 oxidative phosphorylation

  36. Electrons flow downhill • Electrons move in steps from carrier to carrier downhill to oxygen • each carrier more electronegative • controlled oxidation • controlled release of energy make ATPinstead offire!

  37. H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ ADP + Pi H+ “proton-motive” force We did it! • Set up a H+ gradient • Allow the protonsto flow through ATP synthase • Synthesizes ATP ADP + PiATP ATP Are wethere yet?

  38. Chemiosmosis • The diffusion of ions across a membrane • build up of proton gradient just so H+ could flow through ATP synthase enzyme to build ATP Chemiosmosis links the Electron Transport Chain to ATP synthesis So that’sthe point!

  39. ~40 ATP Cellular respiration + + 2 ATP 2 ATP ~36 ATP

  40. pyruvate  ethanol + CO2 3C 2C 1C pyruvate  lactic acid NADH NADH NAD+ NAD+ 3C 3C Fermentation (anaerobic) • Bacteria, yeast back to glycolysis • beer, wine, bread • Animals, some fungi back to glycolysis • cheese, anaerobic exercise (no O2)

  41. pyruvate  ethanol + CO2 3C 2C 1C NADH NAD+ recycleNADH bacteria yeast Alcohol Fermentation back to glycolysis • Dead end process • at ~12% ethanol, kills yeast • can’t reverse the reaction Count thecarbons!

  42. O2 pyruvate  lactic acid NADH NAD+ 3C 3C recycleNADH animalssome fungi Lactic Acid Fermentation  back to glycolysis • Reversible process • once O2 is available, lactate is converted back to pyruvate by the liver Count thecarbons!

  43. O2 O2 Pyruvate is a branching point Pyruvate fermentation anaerobicrespiration mitochondria Krebs cycle aerobic respiration

  44. C6H12O6 + 6CO2 + 6H2O + ~40 ATP 6O2 Summary of cellular respiration • Where did the glucose come from? • Where did the O2 come from? • Where did the CO2 come from? • Where did the CO2 go? • Where did the H2O come from? • Where did the ATP come from? • What else is produced that is not listed in this equation? • Why do we breathe?

  45. What’s thepoint? The pointis to makeATP! ATP

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