XRD Mud Logging

1. XRD � Mud Logging Phil, Product Manager, on-site at a remote Rare Earth Element (REE) exploration site in British Columbia, Canada. Unit operating @ 3,000m This is the whole setup. The instrument is in the case, and the tools are in the backpack.Phil, Product Manager, on-site at a remote Rare Earth Element (REE) exploration site in British Columbia, Canada. Unit operating @ 3,000m This is the whole setup. The instrument is in the case, and the tools are in the backpack.

2. What is XRD? XRD identifies and quantifies minerals and other crystal structures It�s necessary to differentiate XRF and XRD in the minds and clearly explain when either one is appropriate. It�s necessary to differentiate XRF and XRD in the minds and clearly explain when either one is appropriate.

3. What is XRD? XRD identifies and quantifies minerals and other crystal structures Calcite, Illite, Feldspar XRD measures �phases� � any type of crystalline (or semi-crystalline) structure. It can answer questions like �What�s this white powder?� or �What�s the calcite/dolomite ratio in this sample?� XRD measures �phases� � any type of crystalline (or semi-crystalline) structure. It can answer questions like �What�s this white powder?� or �What�s the calcite/dolomite ratio in this sample?�

4. Pictures are from a Canadian Space Agency project on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. For the oilfield, it�s good to see that there is equipment that sets up quickly, easily, and without a lot of required support.Pictures are from a Canadian Space Agency project on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. For the oilfield, it�s good to see that there is equipment that sets up quickly, easily, and without a lot of required support.

5. (Note the advanced graphics ?) When you�re drilling your well�.(Note the advanced graphics ?) When you�re drilling your well�.

6.

7.

8. .. And you reach a production zone, you want to know what�s down there. .. And you reach a production zone, you want to know what�s down there.

9. You�re really asking �How do I optimize the drilling and production of this well?� �What are the most effective ways to stimulate the well?� (This especially matters for shale gas. Shale gas is profitable, but requires advanced fracturing techniques to do so. Knowing the mineralogy helps dictate which frac�ing technique you choose and how you use it) �What drilling fluids should you use?� (Certain clays will swell in the presence of certain liquids. If you use the wrong liquid, the clay can swell and trap your drill pipe.) You�re really asking �How do I optimize the drilling and production of this well?� �What are the most effective ways to stimulate the well?� (This especially matters for shale gas. Shale gas is profitable, but requires advanced fracturing techniques to do so. Knowing the mineralogy helps dictate which frac�ing technique you choose and how you use it) �What drilling fluids should you use?� (Certain clays will swell in the presence of certain liquids. If you use the wrong liquid, the clay can swell and trap your drill pipe.)

10. One piece of data that you need to know to do all this is the mineralogy. One piece of data that you need to know to do all this is the mineralogy.

11. There are some options of how to learn the mineralogy of the area by looking at the drill chips carried back up by the drilling mud. One is to send the samples to a laboratory. There are some options of how to learn the mineralogy of the area by looking at the drill chips carried back up by the drilling mud. One is to send the samples to a laboratory.

12. The other option is to use an Innov-X portable XRD system to run the samples right on site. The other option is to use an Innov-X portable XRD system to run the samples right on site.

13. Lab XRD Let�s compare the two options.Let�s compare the two options.

14. Lab XRD Characterization in days to weeks It takes time to get the sample to the lab. If the well site is remote, offshore, or in a difficult country, it can take a significant amount of time. Once at the lab, it takes time to run the sample. Normal total turnaround can be ~ 3 weeks for shale gas samples.It takes time to get the sample to the lab. If the well site is remote, offshore, or in a difficult country, it can take a significant amount of time. Once at the lab, it takes time to run the sample. Normal total turnaround can be ~ 3 weeks for shale gas samples.

15. Lab XRD Characterization in days to weeks Production delayed days to weeks They mainly want the mineralogy to understand the best way to produce the well. They�ll often wait until the mineralogy is in to start production. This all mean delayed production, which translates into less money.They mainly want the mineralogy to understand the best way to produce the well. They�ll often wait until the mineralogy is in to start production. This all mean delayed production, which translates into less money.

16. Lab XRD Characterization in days to weeks Production delayed days to weeks Costs an extra rig down and rig up If it takes ~2-3 weeks to get the data, then the company will often rig down the well and then move the setup elsewhere. They�ll come back to the well once the data is in, and set up again at the well site to stimulate it and start production. This extra rig down/rig up costs a significant amount of money. In the US, it can easily cost $100K total. In remote locations, it can cost even more. If it takes ~2-3 weeks to get the data, then the company will often rig down the well and then move the setup elsewhere. They�ll come back to the well once the data is in, and set up again at the well site to stimulate it and start production. This extra rig down/rig up costs a significant amount of money. In the US, it can easily cost $100K total. In remote locations, it can cost even more.

17. Lab XRD Characterization in days to weeks Production delayed days to weeks Costs an extra rig down and rig up In contrast, the Terra can give good, quantitative answers in less than an hour of total time (including sample prep) Some users can get the whole process to < 30 minutes between recovering the sample and getting the datapoint The quick turnaround means that there doesn�t need to be a long wait between drilling the well and stimulating it. That means: One less rig down and rig up required ? big savings Production can start weeks sooner. If you are fast enough to avoid ONE extra rig down/up, you�ve paid for your Terra. That�s it� 1.In contrast, the Terra can give good, quantitative answers in less than an hour of total time (including sample prep) Some users can get the whole process to < 30 minutes between recovering the sample and getting the datapoint The quick turnaround means that there doesn�t need to be a long wait between drilling the well and stimulating it. That means: One less rig down and rig up required ? big savings Production can start weeks sooner. If you are fast enough to avoid ONE extra rig down/up, you�ve paid for your Terra. That�s it� 1.

18. Lab XRD Characterization in days to weeks Production delayed days to weeks Costs an extra rig down and rig up The Terra is easy to run. Anyone can run the samples. You can have your geologist on-site to run the samples right away, or� You can have someone local run the samples and email the data to your analysts in a central location. Datafiles are <100kb � small enough to be transmitted over any connection. There is some potential savings from not having to send your geologists to the field all the time.The Terra is easy to run. Anyone can run the samples. You can have your geologist on-site to run the samples right away, or� You can have someone local run the samples and email the data to your analysts in a central location. Datafiles are <100kb � small enough to be transmitted over any connection. There is some potential savings from not having to send your geologists to the field all the time.

19. Lab XRD Characterization in days to weeks Production delayed days to weeks Costs an extra rig down and rig up The Terra is < 15 kg total, sets up anywhere with a flat surface in <5 minutes and has no internal moving parts to worry about. NASA developed the technology to go on its Mars Rover. NASA engineers have already field tested the design and it�s designed to be simple to use, powerful to run and reliable to own. The Terra is < 15 kg total, sets up anywhere with a flat surface in <5 minutes and has no internal moving parts to worry about. NASA developed the technology to go on its Mars Rover. NASA engineers have already field tested the design and it�s designed to be simple to use, powerful to run and reliable to own.

20. inXitu XRD NASA-developed quantum leap in XRD Competes with units 3X the price Lowest cost of ownership Compact, rugged and portable Very simple to use XRD/XRF simultaneously This is the one-page �What is this stuff?� Top picture shows the Terra 500m down in a potash mine. Bottom picture is a simple BTX setup There�s no system that is close to equal at <$100K. The Terra/BTX give data roughly equal to other ~$150K systems. COO: Lower power costs ($500/yr vs. $10,000/yr), maintenance costs (estimated at $5K/yr. vs. $12K/yr) and no special room, liquid nitrogen or filtered water source required. XRD/XRF simultaneously: It�s only qualitative XRF, but this is still very powerful. It gives you the main heavy elements in the sample, which makes mineral identification much easier. It is able to filter out the fluorescence from the diffraction pattern. This means that you can get a substantially lower background for some samples in a short amount of time.This is the one-page �What is this stuff?� Top picture shows the Terra 500m down in a potash mine. Bottom picture is a simple BTX setup There�s no system that is close to equal at <$100K. The Terra/BTX give data roughly equal to other ~$150K systems. COO: Lower power costs ($500/yr vs. $10,000/yr), maintenance costs (estimated at $5K/yr. vs. $12K/yr) and no special room, liquid nitrogen or filtered water source required. XRD/XRF simultaneously: It�s only qualitative XRF, but this is still very powerful. It gives you the main heavy elements in the sample, which makes mineral identification much easier. It is able to filter out the fluorescence from the diffraction pattern. This means that you can get a substantially lower background for some samples in a short amount of time.

21. INNOV-X XRD Chevron/Weatherford/Geoservices = Big companies adding us to their repertoire. All 3 are doing mud logging. Chevron is also looking at corrosion buildup inside its refineries to find potentially dangerous chemical buildups. MWRI = multiple unit customer, chose us over Rigaku, and liked it enough to purchase a second. SQM = Chilean customer who chose us in direct competition with Rigaku, Bruker.Chevron/Weatherford/Geoservices = Big companies adding us to their repertoire. All 3 are doing mud logging. Chevron is also looking at corrosion buildup inside its refineries to find potentially dangerous chemical buildups. MWRI = multiple unit customer, chose us over Rigaku, and liked it enough to purchase a second. SQM = Chilean customer who chose us in direct competition with Rigaku, Bruker.

22. INNOV-X XRD �Developed by NASA� = Marker of quality. In the field, David Bish and David Blake (U-Indiana + JPL) are very highly regarded. H = University of Hawaii IU = Indiana University N = Natural History Museum of London�Developed by NASA� = Marker of quality. In the field, David Bish and David Blake (U-Indiana + JPL) are very highly regarded. H = University of Hawaii IU = Indiana University N = Natural History Museum of London

23. The Terra was developed as part of the NASA MSL (Mars Science Laboratory) project. In sales, stress the NASA connection. Bruker, Panalytical and Rigaku are established in parts of this field. For the right applications, the InXitu platform is better than any of those and has beat them head-to-head, but they are good names. Having NASA as our developers gives us a good name of our own.The Terra was developed as part of the NASA MSL (Mars Science Laboratory) project. In sales, stress the NASA connection. Bruker, Panalytical and Rigaku are established in parts of this field. For the right applications, the InXitu platform is better than any of those and has beat them head-to-head, but they are good names. Having NASA as our developers gives us a good name of our own.

24. 1996: NASA sets the goal of being able to do mineralogy on Mars

25. 1996: NASA sets the goal of being able to do mineralogy on Mars NASA, JPL, Stanford, Cal Tech and U. Indiana start work. The product development cycle is not short. A lot of money, time and brain power from top universities have gone into this system before it comes to the customer. They�re not buying a �new� system. The product development cycle is not short. A lot of money, time and brain power from top universities have gone into this system before it comes to the customer. They�re not buying a �new� system.

26. Spec for new XRD system Smaller / Lighter Lower power consumption (more efficient) Easier sample prep Fewer moving parts Conventional XRD technology isn�t suitable for sending into space. It�s heavy: >100-500kg It uses a lot of power: >2 kW tube Sample prep requires an expert and is difficult to automate The moving optics mean more failure points and a lot of weightConventional XRD technology isn�t suitable for sending into space. It�s heavy: >100-500kg It uses a lot of power: >2 kW tube Sample prep requires an expert and is difficult to automate The moving optics mean more failure points and a lot of weight

27. Now is a good time to hold up the sample cell to explain the nature of the solution that they came up with. It�s a tuning fork. Basically, to get all the angles in the sample, they went from rotating the optics to rotating the sample. This meant fewer moving parts AND you can use a much less powerful tube and get equal results. A less powerful tube ? less power consumption and the setup can be simply cooled, rather than requiring water or liquid nitrogen. The NASA development has gone through several revisions, and is scheduled to go on the 2011 Mars Rover. Stress that the system has been under construction for a long time. A lot of advancements have already been made and the customer isn�t getting a beta system. In 2008, we reviewed the spec for the NASA system and realized that it was�Now is a good time to hold up the sample cell to explain the nature of the solution that they came up with. It�s a tuning fork. Basically, to get all the angles in the sample, they went from rotating the optics to rotating the sample. This meant fewer moving parts AND you can use a much less powerful tube and get equal results. A less powerful tube ? less power consumption and the setup can be simply cooled, rather than requiring water or liquid nitrogen. The NASA development has gone through several revisions, and is scheduled to go on the 2011 Mars Rover. Stress that the system has been under construction for a long time. A lot of advancements have already been made and the customer isn�t getting a beta system. In 2008, we reviewed the spec for the NASA system and realized that it was�

28. �the spec for a portable XRD system! They took the technology developed for the Mars program and start selling it commercially.�the spec for a portable XRD system! They took the technology developed for the Mars program and start selling it commercially.

29. The basic proven XRD platform has been packaged up in 3 different options: A portable system � the Terra A semi-portable benchtop system � the BTX (BenchTop XRD) A non-destructive system. (art/archaeology analysis � also possibly works for looking for imperfections in steel) � the Duetto.The basic proven XRD platform has been packaged up in 3 different options: A portable system � the Terra A semi-portable benchtop system � the BTX (BenchTop XRD) A non-destructive system. (art/archaeology analysis � also possibly works for looking for imperfections in steel) � the Duetto.

31. This is the next-smallest system � Rigaku miniflex. Terra = 15 kG, MiniFlex = 50 kg + cooler + generator + sample prep tools. There�s really only one option that can credibly claim to be portable. You can set up the Terra anywhere. It sets up in minutes - We can bring a unit to a customer for a demo. No one else can do that. Power consumption: 100W vs. 1-2 kW ? Cost of ownershipThis is the next-smallest system � Rigaku miniflex. Terra = 15 kG, MiniFlex = 50 kg + cooler + generator + sample prep tools. There�s really only one option that can credibly claim to be portable. You can set up the Terra anywhere. It sets up in minutes - We can bring a unit to a customer for a demo. No one else can do that. Power consumption: 100W vs. 1-2 kW ? Cost of ownership

32. Terra This is taken from a Bruker training. It�s PART of the sample prep section. Bruker D4 is ~$150K, 500kg and is a �standard� lab-based XRD systemThis is taken from a Bruker training. It�s PART of the sample prep section. Bruker D4 is ~$150K, 500kg and is a �standard� lab-based XRD system

33. Terra Crush To compare, here�s the sample preparation for the Terra. First, you need to crush the sample with a hammer.To compare, here�s the sample preparation for the Terra. First, you need to crush the sample with a hammer.

34. Terra Crush Sieve Second, you sieve the sample to < 150 um. If you�re really worried about homogeneity, you may need to re-crush the portion >150 umSecond, you sieve the sample to < 150 um. If you�re really worried about homogeneity, you may need to re-crush the portion >150 um

35. Terra Crush Sieve Load You load the sample into the sample cell with a spatula. That�s it. No complicated tools. No electronics. The whole process is designed to be simple.You load the sample into the sample cell with a spatula. That�s it. No complicated tools. No electronics. The whole process is designed to be simple.

36. Yes, Terra is portable. Yes, it�s easy to use.

37. Yes, Terra is portable. Yes, it�s easy to use. But� Can you get good data from it? This is a magic show. You�re looking to get the crowd interested. This is a magic show. You�re looking to get the crowd interested.

38. Yes, Terra is portable. Yes, it�s easy to use. But� Can you get good data from it? Which pattern is from a 2 kW XRD and which is from Terra?

40. People ask how the data compares to lab XRD. If you get the same pattern, you�ll get the same answer. This is basically the same pattern.Same set of peaks� same ratios. People ask how the data compares to lab XRD. If you get the same pattern, you�ll get the same answer. This is basically the same pattern.Same set of peaks� same ratios.

42. The rough way that we get equal answers with a much smaller tube is: We use Transmission XRD versus reflection XRD. Transmission XRD is much more efficient. Conventional XRD takes one datapoint at each angle. The Terra takes many pictures of all angles at once using a CCD camera. It then averages each of the pictures, so we�re really getting the average of many datapoints for each angle. When you combine the two factors, we can get eqaul performance with a tube that�s small enough to be air cooled. The rough way that we get equal answers with a much smaller tube is: We use Transmission XRD versus reflection XRD. Transmission XRD is much more efficient. Conventional XRD takes one datapoint at each angle. The Terra takes many pictures of all angles at once using a CCD camera. It then averages each of the pictures, so we�re really getting the average of many datapoints for each angle. When you combine the two factors, we can get eqaul performance with a tube that�s small enough to be air cooled.

43. * Moving to some sample data from a mudlogging customer.* Moving to some sample data from a mudlogging customer.

44. The data viewed a different way. We can give very good, quantitative answers on these samples. This system really works.The data viewed a different way. We can give very good, quantitative answers on these samples. This system really works.

45. Measuring mineralogy on-site saves time and money The Terra is an extremely compact robust solution based on NASA-developed technology The Terra gives high quality, actionable data that compares well to lab testing A recap. You want the takeaways to be: If you�re sending samples to a lab and waiting, you�re costing yourself money. (Or costing your customer money) We have a tough, simple, proven solution that lets you do your testing on-site The Terra isn�t a toy. It gives very good data that compares well to the data that the lab gets. A recap. You want the takeaways to be: If you�re sending samples to a lab and waiting, you�re costing yourself money. (Or costing your customer money) We have a tough, simple, proven solution that lets you do your testing on-site The Terra isn�t a toy. It gives very good data that compares well to the data that the lab gets.

46. Close with a quick customer testimonial: This system really works. We are out there, saving people money now. Close with a quick customer testimonial: This system really works. We are out there, saving people money now.

48. Identify corrosion types on site and in minutes. No waiting for the sample to get from a remote location to the lab. No waiting to see if hazardous chemicals are building up inside your pipes. No waiting to start the right corrosion inhibition program. The big problem is lag time. Big XRD systems are expensive to operate in remote areas, and it takes a long time to get samples to the lab. Hazardous � Pyrite build-up (especially in refineries with high sulfur oil). Pyrite can self-ignite at high concentrations. Inhibition � Sulfites (SO3 � especially in pipelines) � These are markers for the presence of reducing bacterial growth. The bacteria produce H2S that is a powerful corrosive to the pipes. The Terra can see the sulfites right away. The big problem is lag time. Big XRD systems are expensive to operate in remote areas, and it takes a long time to get samples to the lab. Hazardous � Pyrite build-up (especially in refineries with high sulfur oil). Pyrite can self-ignite at high concentrations. Inhibition � Sulfites (SO3 � especially in pipelines) � These are markers for the presence of reducing bacterial growth. The bacteria produce H2S that is a powerful corrosive to the pipes. The Terra can see the sulfites right away.

49. Simple, portable systems that require no tether and that anyone can run. Go from scraping sample from the pipe to knowing what it is in minutes. With a unit small enough that you can send it out with your engineer� Or simple enough that anyone can run the sample and email data back. Terra can run samples in < 10 minutes/test. It can be carried and set up anywhere there is a flat surface. You can analyze data on site or email back data for analysis. This means savings from not having to send out your engineers/geologists. You can just have someone local run the sample. Data packet size is ~ 50kb. This is small enough that you can do it even in situations where bandwidth restrictions are a big issue.Terra can run samples in < 10 minutes/test. It can be carried and set up anywhere there is a flat surface. You can analyze data on site or email back data for analysis. This means savings from not having to send out your engineers/geologists. You can just have someone local run the sample. Data packet size is ~ 50kb. This is small enough that you can do it even in situations where bandwidth restrictions are a big issue.

50. Showing data to give an idea of performance. This is the raw XRD pattern for a sample of corrosion scraped off the inside of a pipe at a refinery for high-sulfur oil. Note the high background in the raw pattern. This high pattern is due to the presence of a lot of metals in the sample, which you�ll frequently see in corrosion samples. This sets up the energy filtration that helps establish Terra as flexible AND powerful. We have a fix for that�Showing data to give an idea of performance. This is the raw XRD pattern for a sample of corrosion scraped off the inside of a pipe at a refinery for high-sulfur oil. Note the high background in the raw pattern. This high pattern is due to the presence of a lot of metals in the sample, which you�ll frequently see in corrosion samples. This sets up the energy filtration that helps establish Terra as flexible AND powerful. We have a fix for that�

51. The Terra gives simultaneous XRD and XRF data. First, this XRF data tells us that there is a lot of iron in the sample. (The Co is from the tube) This helps make our search much simpler. We know we need to have Fe in our answer.The Terra gives simultaneous XRD and XRF data. First, this XRF data tells us that there is a lot of iron in the sample. (The Co is from the tube) This helps make our search much simpler. We know we need to have Fe in our answer.

52. This is the other thing that the energy resolution gets us. We called that high background �XRF counts� and called this an unfiltered or raw pattern. We can refine it.This is the other thing that the energy resolution gets us. We called that high background �XRF counts� and called this an unfiltered or raw pattern. We can refine it.

53. The energy resolution means that we can filter out the XRF counts from the diffraction pattern. Note the lower background and better sharpness of the peaks. It means you can get better data faster, and means that you can handle a higher variety of samples. (low AND high XRF, + amorphous) This feature exists in the bigger XRD systems, but doesn�t exist in other systems < $100K.The energy resolution means that we can filter out the XRF counts from the diffraction pattern. Note the lower background and better sharpness of the peaks. It means you can get better data faster, and means that you can handle a higher variety of samples. (low AND high XRF, + amorphous) This feature exists in the bigger XRD systems, but doesn�t exist in other systems < $100K.

54. The energy resolution means that we can filter out the XRF counts from the diffraction pattern. Note the lower background and better sharpness of the peaks. It means you can get better data faster, and means that you can handle a higher variety of samples. (low AND high XRF, + amorphous) This feature exists in the bigger XRD systems, but doesn�t exist in other systems < $100K.The energy resolution means that we can filter out the XRF counts from the diffraction pattern. Note the lower background and better sharpness of the peaks. It means you can get better data faster, and means that you can handle a higher variety of samples. (low AND high XRF, + amorphous) This feature exists in the bigger XRD systems, but doesn�t exist in other systems < $100K.

55. Identifying the phases = fingerprint matching. Identifying the phases = fingerprint matching.

56. Szomolnokite � FeSO4 * H2O -Szomolnokite � FeSO4 * H2O -

57. Pyrrohotite � Fe(1-x) SPyrrohotite � Fe(1-x) S

58. Pyrite � FeS � this is the one that this customer cared about. They know right away whether it is present or not.Pyrite � FeS � this is the one that this customer cared about. They know right away whether it is present or not.

59. Weatherford (USA) Chevron (USA) Geoservices (France) Quick customer testimonial: This really works. Quick customer testimonial: This really works.