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ICD “Cold Shivers after a Hot Trip”

ICD “Cold Shivers after a Hot Trip”. LeeChuy, Katherine Lee, Sidney Abert Lerma, Daniel Joseph Legaspi, Roberto Jose Li, Henry Winston Li, Kingbherly Lichauco, Rafael Lim, Imee Loren Lim, Jason Morven Lim, John Harold Lim, Mary Lim, Phoebe Ruth Lim, Syndel Raina Lipana, Kirk Andrew

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ICD “Cold Shivers after a Hot Trip”

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  1. ICD“Cold Shivers after a Hot Trip” LeeChuy, Katherine Lee, Sidney Abert Lerma, Daniel Joseph Legaspi, Roberto Jose Li, Henry Winston Li, Kingbherly Lichauco, Rafael Lim, Imee Loren Lim, Jason Morven Lim, John Harold Lim, Mary Lim, Phoebe Ruth Lim, Syndel Raina Lipana, Kirk Andrew Liu, Johanna Llamas, Camilla Alay

  2. General Data and History of Present Illness 33 y/o, news correspondent ADMISSION

  3. Physical Examination • Temp 40°C; PR 110/min; RR 22/min; BP 120/60 mmHg • General: Ill-looking but well-nourished, no skin lesions, no pedal edema • Eyes: Pale palpebral conjunctivae, slightly icteric sclera, pupils equally reactive to light • Neck: no thyromegaly • Heart and lungs: normal, JVP normal • GI: Traube’s space obliterated

  4. Pertinent Findings Positive Negative BP 120/60 mmHg no skin lesions no pedal edema pupils equally reactive to light no thyromegaly Heart, lungs, and GI: normal • Travel history to Palawan • Chloroquine prophylaxis • Fever and chills accompanied by headaches • Treated with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (Fansidar) • Febrile, tachycardic, tachypnic • Pale palpebral conjunctivae • slightly icteric sclera • Splenomegaly

  5. Palawan, Malaria endemic accounting for 35% of the country’s total malaria cases • Vector: Anopheles flavirostris • Species of Malaria national control program data in 2005, http://www.cdc.gov/eid/content/14/5/811.htm Note: Chloroquine is NOT an effective antimalarial drug in the Philippines and should not be taken to prevent malaria in this region http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/destinations/philippines.aspx

  6. high fever • malarial toxins direct systemic release of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-a) • stimulate T cells to directly secrete or induce production of cytokines • icteric sclerae • Increased hemolysis due to malaria • elevated pulse rate • compensatory mechanism for the hemolytic anemia Science. 1994 Jun 24;264(5167):1878-83

  7. enlargement of the spleen • engorgement and edema • reticulo-endothelial hyperplasia • increased hemolytic and phagocytic function of the organ due to dysmorphic red blood cells • absence of skin lesions • thrombocytopenia during the paroxysms of fever • no pedal edema • Synthetic function of the liver

  8. Uncomplicated • Non-specific signs and symptoms • Diagnosed on the basis of fever or a history of fever

  9. Complicated • Weakness • Metabolic abnormalities • Signs DIC • Macroscopic hemoglobinuria • Jaundice • Hyperpyrexia; > 40°C • Hyperparasitism; >5% rbc parasitized, >106 asexual parasites/ mm3 • Poor urine output • Pulmonary edema • Seizures • Impaired concsiousness

  10. Diagnosis Uncomplicated Chloroquine Resistant P. Falciparum Malaria

  11. What are the probable reasons for this patient to have another episode of malaria? RELAPSE RECRUDESCENCE REINFECTION

  12. RELAPSE • renewed manifestation arising from survival of exoerythrocytic forms (hypnozoites) either at relatively short intervals or after long period (8-24 weeks) • confined to P. vivax and P. ovaleinfections • primaquine resistance or incomplete response or inadequate primaquine treatment

  13. RECRUDESCENCE • renewed manifestation of infection due to survival of erythrocytic forms • recurrence of symptoms after a temporary abatement • In P. falciparum infections – within 28 days • May reflect partial resistance to chloroquine

  14. REINFECTION • fresh infection occurring in a patient who has suffered from Malaria and can occur at any time after 2 weeks of the 1st attack • Luty et al in a study of Plasmodium falciparum infection in African children • production of interferon - gamma by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in response to either Liver-stage or merozoite antigen peptides • delayed first re-infection or lower rates of re-infection • re-infections among select few members of a family may be due to lack of gamma interferon response to the first attack of malaria

  15. Absence of effective immune response • Exposure to repeated mosquito bites and re-infection • Incomplete treatment

  16. Pathogenesis of Malaria

  17. Processes Essential for the Pathogenesis of Malaria Merozoites in the bloodstream invade RBC.When these reach a density of 50/uL in the blood, symptomatic stage begins. Merozoites from the blood, attach to erythrocytes to become trophozoites Trophozoites consuming all hemoglobin inside the RBC (schizont) Schizogony inside the RBC then rupture of daughter merozoites

  18. Erythrocyte Changes in Malaria • Consumes and degrades proteins especially hemoglobin 2. Toxic heme is detoxified (polymerization) to biologically innert hemozoin 3. Cytoadherence Fauci et.al. Harrison’s principles of Internal Medicine 17th edition, 2008

  19. Cytoadherence

  20. HOST RESPONSE

  21. Complications of Malaria

  22. Complications of severe falciparum malaria • Morbidity and mortality of P. falciparum species is greatest among the malaria species because of its increased parasetemia and its ability to cytoadhere • Mortality rises once vital organ dysfunction occurs or proportion of erythrocytes infected increases to >3% • P. falciparum is also known for developing drug resistance to chloroquine, quinine and tetracycline

  23. Complications • Cerebral malaria • Hypoglycemia • Lactic acidosis • Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema • Renal impairment • Hematologic abnormalities • Liver dysfunction

  24. Cerebral malaria • Coma: characteristic & ominous feature of falciparum malaria; mortality rate of ~0.1%, but if there is vital-organ dysfunction, mortality rises steeply • Manifests as diffuse symmetric encephalopathy • Eyes may be divergent • Muscle tone increase or decrease • ~15% have retinal hemorrhages • Convulsions: generalized; occur up to 50% of children with cerebral malaria

  25. Cerebral malaria • ~15% of children with cerebral malaria have been reported to suffer neurologic deficit when they regain consciousness: • Hemiplegia • Cerebral palsy • Cortical blindness • Deafness • Impaired cognition and learning

  26. Hypoglycemia • Common complication of severe malaria • Associated with poor prognosis • Particularly problematic in children and pregnant women • Results from a failure of hepatic gluconeogenesis & an ↑ in the consumption of glucose both by host & the malaria parasites • Quinine & quinidine are powerful stimulants of pancreatic insulin secretion

  27. Lactic acidosis • Commonly coexists with hypoglycemia • Caused by combination of: • Anaerobic glycolysis in tissues where sequestered parasites interfere with microcirculatory flow • Hypovolemia • Lactate production by the parasites • Failure of hepatic and renal lactate clearance • Coexisting renal impairment compounds acidosis • Acidotic breathing: sign of poor prognosis • Plasma concentrations of bicarbonate or lactate: best biochemical prognosticators in severe malaria

  28. Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema • Mortality rate: >80% • Aggravated by overly vigorous administration of IV fluid • Can also develop in otherwise- uncomplicated vivax malaria (recovery is usual)

  29. Renal impairment • Rare among children • May be related to RBC sequestration interfering with renal microcirculatory flow & metabolism • Manifests as acute tubular necrosis • Early dialysis or hemofiltration enhances the likelihood of a patient’s survival, particularly in acute hypercatabolic renal failure

  30. Hematologic Abnormalities • Anemia • results from accelerated RBC destruction & removal by the spleen in conjunction with ineffective erythropoiesis • both infected & uninfected RBCs show reduced deformability • ↑ splenic clearance of RBCs • Slight coagulation abnormalities & mild thrombocytopenia

  31. Liver Dysfunction • Severe jaundice – more common among adults than children • Results from hemolysis, hepatocyte injury, and cholestasis • Hepatic dysfunction contributes to hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis, and impaired drug metabolism

  32. Treatment of Malaria

  33. First of all… • The diagnosis of malaria has to be confirmed • Microscopy (blood smear) • Rapid Detection Test (PfHRP, LD antigen) • The infecting species has to be identified Upon confirmation • Treatment should be based on the ff factors; • Plasmodium species • Uncomplicated or Complicated (Severe) • Drug susceptibility Fauci et.al. Harrison’s principles of Internal Medicine 17th edition, 2008 Guidelines for the treatment of malaria – 2nd edition

  34. Components of Phil. Malaria Control Program Drug Policy • Anti-malarial drug list according to use & guidelines for drug use - Combination treatment for P. falciparummalaria uncomplicated: 1stline: Chloroquine+Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine 2ndline: Artemether-Lumefantrine 3rd line: Quinine + Tetracycline/Doxycycline severe: Quinine + Tetracycline/Doxycycline/Clindamycin + Primaquine (single dose) - Tx for P. vivax malaria (Chloroquine+ Primaquine) - Tx for mixed infection (Chloroquine+Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine+Primaquine) - Tx for pregnant women & children <1 y.o. (Quinine) - chemoprophylaxis (Doxycycline/Mefloquine)

  35. Uncomplicated malaria Treatment for Sensitive P. falciparum malaria • Sulfadoxine (25 mg) - Pyrimethamine (500mg)(Fansidar) Tab; on Day 0 • Chloroquine (150mg base) Tab; on Day 0,1,2 • Primaquine (15mg) Tab

  36. Uncomplicated malaria Treatment for Multidrug-resistant P. falciparum malaria  • Artemether (20mg) + Lumefantrine (120mg)(Coartem) Tab; 6 doses over 3 days • Primaquine (15mg) Tab

  37. Complicated malaria Treatment for severe P. falciparum malaria • Quinine (10 mg of salt/kg tid for 7 days)plus 1 of the following 3: • Tetracycline (4 mg/kg qid for 7 days) • Doxycycline (3 mg/kg qd for 7 days) • Clindamycin (10 mg/kg bid for 7 days)

  38. Prevention of Malaria

  39. Personal Protection Against Malaria • avoidance of exposure to mosquitoes at their peak feeding times (usually dusk and dawn) and throughout the night • use of insect repellents containing DEET (10–35%) or picaridin (7%; if DEET is unacceptable),suitable clothing, and insecticide-impregnated bed nets or other materials • Widespread use of bed nets treated with residual pyrethroids reduces the incidence of malaria in areas where vectors bite indoors at night

  40. Harrison’s Internal Medicine, 17th ed. Global Health – Division of Parasitic Diseases. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, updated Feb. 8, 2010.

  41. Harrison’s Internal Medicine, 17th ed. Global Health – Division of Parasitic Diseases. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, updated Feb. 8, 2010.

  42. Harrison’s Internal Medicine, 17th ed. Global Health – Division of Parasitic Diseases. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, updated Feb. 8, 2010.

  43. Thank You!

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