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Chapter 2: Breeds and Life Cycles of Livestock and Poultry. Unit 2f: Poultry Life Cycle - history and general production of chickens and turkeys. Poultry in the Americas :. Turkeys were native to the Americas
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Chapter 2: Breeds and Life Cycles of Livestock and Poultry Unit 2f: Poultry Life Cycle - history and general production of chickens and turkeys
Poultry in the Americas: • Turkeys were native to the Americas • US chicken production diverged into “layer” and “broiler” types in the mid-twentieth century • US poultry industry is highly integrated, both horizontally and vertically
Historical Perspectives: • Poultry production world-wide includes chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese, guinea fowl, ostrich, emu, pheasant, and others • Worldwide, chicken and duck eggs are popular market items • Poultry meat consumption in the US increased dramatically in the last third of the twentieth century
Domestic Poultry Genealogy: • Genus and species: • Chickens -Gallus gallus or Gallus domesticus • Turkeys - Meleagris gallopavo • Ducks - Anas boschas
Poultry Life Cycle: Hatching • Eggs are artificially incubated • Forced air containers or rooms • Eggs are mechanically rotated • Hatchlings are provided artificial heat for several weeks • Birds are not fed at the hatchery • yolk material provides nutrients
Poultry Life Cycle: Growing • Sex determination is made to sort for layer females • Beaks are trimmed • Snoods and combs may be clipped • Meat birds are fed high energy diets to market • Layer birds will be placed on lower energy grower diets
Meat Bird Production Targets: • Broiler market target • 4 lbs at 6 to 7 wks • “Capons” will be fed to more than 5 lbs • Turkey poult targets • Females, 14 to16 lbs at 14 to 16 wks • Males, 25 to 30 lbs at 18 to 20 wks
Layer Hen Production Targets: • Low-light, limit-feeding regimen • About 9 wks to 20 wks of age for lean growth • Move to layer housing • About 20 wks of age • Increase feed and day length for laying • Laying period about 12 to 14 months • Productivity peaks at about 90 percent laying per day