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Chapter 11 Middle Childhood: Physical Development

Chapter 11 Middle Childhood: Physical Development. Growth Patterns. What Patterns of Growth Occur in Middle Childhood?. Height and Weight Gain a little over 2 inches and 5 to 7 pounds per year Boys are slightly heavier and taller than girls until 9 or 10

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Chapter 11 Middle Childhood: Physical Development

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  1. Chapter 11Middle Childhood:Physical Development

  2. Growth Patterns

  3. What Patterns of Growth Occur in Middle Childhood? • Height and Weight • Gain a little over 2 inches and 5 to 7 pounds per year • Boys are slightly heavier and taller than girls until 9 or 10 • About age 11, boys develop more muscle and girls more fatty tissue

  4. How Many Children in the United States Are Obese? • About one quarter of American children are obese • Prevalence of obesity has risen overall in America • Most overweight children become overweight adults • Overweight children and adolescents • Often are rejected by peers • Perform poorly in sports • Tend to like their bodies less than children of normal weight

  5. A Closer Look Treating High Blood Pressure in Middle Childhood

  6. What Are the Causes of Obesity? • Heredity • Number of fat cells (adipose tissue) • Hunger drive is connected to number of fat cells • More fat cells – feel hunger sooner • Environmental factors • Obese parents may model poor dietary and exercise habits • Sedentary habits • TV watching encourages snacking, exposes children to commercials for food and is low physical activity • Stressors and emotional reactions

  7. A Closer Look Helping Children Lose Weight

  8. Motor Development

  9. What Changes in Motor Development Occur in Middle Childhood? • Gross Motor Skills • Increase in speed, strength, agility, and balance • Type of game/sport encourages large muscle growth • Connections between cerebellum and cortex become myelinated • Reaction time gradually improves • Fine Motor Skills • Tie shoes and hold pencils as adults do

  10. Are There Sex Differences in Motor Skills? • Boys show slightly greater overall strength • More forearm strength – batting and throwing • Girls show greater coordination and flexibility • Gymnastics, dance, balancing • Boys more likely to be encouraged in athletics • Physical activity decreases with age in both sexes

  11. Are Children in the United States Physically Fit? • Most children in the United States are not physically fit • Reasons for decline in fitness? • Watching television • More focus on sports than continuous exercise • Participation in sports declines after age 10 • Fit children usually have parents who exercise and encourage them to exercise

  12. Children With Disabilities

  13. How Does Run-of-the-Mill Failure to “Listen” to Adults Differ From Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder? • Characteristic of ADHD • Developmentally inappropriate or excessive inattention, • Impulsivity, and • Hyperactivity • Onset occurs by age 7 • Behaviors must persist for at least 6 months • Impairs function at school • Difficulty getting along with others • More common in boys than girls • Some argue ADHD is over-diagnosed and overmedicated

  14. What Are the Causes of ADHD? • Heredity • Runs in families • Associated with other disorders • Anxiety, depression, tics • Brain abnormality or impairment • Inefficient inhibitory processes • Lack of executive control in the brain

  15. Developing in a World of Diversity African American Youth and ADHD

  16. Why Are Children With ADHD Treated With Stimulants? • Hyperactivity stems from inability of cerebral cortex to inhibit more primitive areas of the brain • Stimulants used to stimulate the cerebral cortex • Blocks reuptake of dopamine and noradrenaline • Children with ADHD on stimulants demonstrate • Increased attention span, improved cognitive performance • Reduction in disruptive, annoying, and aggressive behavior • Medication may cause side effects • Cognitive behavioral therapy is effective treatment

  17. A Closer Look Back To School – With Ritalin

  18. What Are Learning Disabilities? • Characterized by inadequate development of specific academic, language and speech skills • Problems with reading, math, writing • Difficulties with speaking or understanding speech • Problems with motor coordination • Performs below expectations for age and intelligence • Usually persists throughout life

  19. Dyslexia • Persistent problem in reading • Affects 5 to 17.5% of American children • More common in boys than girls • Treatment • Initially – remediation • Later – accommodation

  20. What Are the Origins of Dyslexia? • Genetic factors • Parent or sibling with dyslexia • Neurological problems • “Faulty wiring” in left hemisphere – angular gyrus • Difficulty associating letters with sounds • High levels of prenatal testosterone • Slows growth in the left hemisphere

  21. Should Children With Learning Disabilities Be Placed In Regular Classrooms? • Research evidence is mixed • Segregation may negatively influence teacher expectations • Mainstreaming students • May overwhelm some • in others increases achievement • High performing disabled students benefit more from regular classes

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