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Chapter 5: Conservation of Momentum

University of Palestine College of Engineering & Urban Planning Applied Civil Engineering. Chapter 5: Conservation of Momentum. Lecturer: Eng. Eman Al.Swaity. Fall 2009. OBJECTIVES. Introduce the momentum equation for a fluid and its application

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Chapter 5: Conservation of Momentum

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  1. University of Palestine College of Engineering & Urban Planning Applied Civil Engineering Chapter 5: Conservation of Momentum Lecturer: Eng. Eman Al.Swaity Fall 2009

  2. OBJECTIVES • Introduce the momentum equation for a fluid and its application • Introduce Euler’s equation of motion along a streamline • Introduce Bernoulli's equation Chapter 5: Conservation of Momentum EGGD3109 Fluid Mechanics

  3. 5.1 INTRODUCTION • The product of the mass and the velocity of a body is called the linear momentum or just the momentum of the body. • Newton’s second law states that the acceleration of a body is proportional to the net force acting on it and is inversely proportional to its mass, • and that the rate of change of the momentum of a body is equal to the net force acting on the body. Chapter 5: Conservation of Momentum EGGD3109 Fluid Mechanics

  4. 5.2 MOMENTUMAND FLUID FLOW • We have all seen moving fluids exerting forces. • The lift force on an aircraft is exerted by the air moving over the wing. • A jet of water from a hose exerts a force on whatever it hits. • In fluid mechanics the analysis of motion is performed in the same way as in solid mechanics - by use of Newton’s laws of motion. • Account is also taken for the special properties of fluids when in motion. • The momentum equation is a statement of Newton’s Second Law and relates the sum of the forces acting on an element of fluid to its acceleration or rate of change of momentum Chapter 5: Conservation of Momentum EGGD3109 Fluid Mechanics

  5. 5.2 MOMENTUMAND FLUID FLOW • From solid mechanics you will recognize F = ma • In fluid mechanics it is not clear what mass of moving fluid, we • In mechanics, the momentum of particle or object is defined as: Momentum = mv • To determine the rate of change of momentum for a fluid we • will consider a stream tube (assuming steady non-uniform flow). Chapter 5: Conservation of Momentum EGGD3109 Fluid Mechanics

  6. 5.2 MOMENTUMAND FLUID FLOW • From continuity equation: • The rate at which momentum exits face CD may be defined as: • The rate at which momentum enters face AB may be defined as: • The rate of change of momentum across the control volume Chapter 5: Conservation of Momentum EGGD3109 Fluid Mechanics

  7. 5.2 MOMENTUMAND FLUID FLOW • The rate of change of momentum across the control volume: • And according the Newton’s second law, this change of momentum per unit time will be caused by a force F, Thus: • This is the resultant force acting on the fluid in the direction of motion. • By Newton’s third law, the fluid will exert an equal and opposite reaction on its surroundings Chapter 5: Conservation of Momentum EGGD3109 Fluid Mechanics

  8. 5.3 EQUATION OF MOMENTUM • Consider the two dimensional system shown: • Since both momentum and force are vector quantities, they can be resolving into components in the x and y directions Chapter 5: Conservation of Momentum EGGD3109 Fluid Mechanics

  9. 5.3 EQUATION OF MOMENTUM • These components can be combined to give the resultant force: • And the angle of this force: Chapter 5: Conservation of Momentum EGGD3109 Fluid Mechanics

  10. 5.3 EQUATION OF MOMENTUM • This force is made up of three components: • F1 =FR = Force exerted in the given direction on the fluid by any solid body touching the control volume • F2 =FB = Force exerted in the given direction on the fluid by body force (e.g. gravity) • F3 =FP = Force exerted in the given direction on the fluid by fluid pressure outside the control volume • The force exerted by the fluid on the solid body touching the control volume is equal and opposite to FR . So the reaction force, R, is given by: Chapter 5: Conservation of Momentum EGGD3109 Fluid Mechanics

  11. 5.4 APPLICATION OF THE MOMENTUM EQUATION We will consider the following examples: • Impact of a jet on a plane surface • Force due to flow round a curved vane • Force due to the flow of fluid round a pipe bend. • Reaction of a jet. Chapter 5: Conservation of Momentum EGGD3109 Fluid Mechanics

  12. 5.4 APPLICATION OF THE MOMENTUM EQUATION STEPS IN ANALYSIS: 1. Draw a control volume 2. Decide on co-ordinate axis system 3. Calculate the total force 4. Calculate the pressure force 5. Calculate the body force 6. Calculate the resultant force Chapter 5: Conservation of Momentum EGGD3109 Fluid Mechanics

  13. 5.4 APPLICATION OF THE MOMENTUM EQUATION STEPS IN ANALYSIS: 1. Draw a control volume 2. Decide on co-ordinate axis system 3. Calculate the total force 4. Calculate the pressure force 5. Calculate the body force 6. Calculate the resultant force Chapter 5: Conservation of Momentum EGGD3109 Fluid Mechanics

  14. 5.5 FORCE EXERTED BYA JET STRIKINGA FLAT PLATE • Consider a jet striking a flat plate that may be perpendicular or inclined to the direction of the jet. • This plate may be moving in the initial direction of the jet. • It is helpful to consider components of the velocity and force vectors perpendicular and parallel to the surface of the plate. Chapter 5: Conservation of Momentum EGGD3109 Fluid Mechanics

  15. 5.5 FORCE EXERTED BYA JET STRIKINGA FLAT PLATE • The general term of the jet velocity component normal to the plate can be written as: Chapter 5: Conservation of Momentum EGGD3109 Fluid Mechanics

  16. 5.5 FORCE EXERTED BYA JET STRIKINGA FLAT PLATE • In the direction parallel to the plate, the force exerted will depend upon the shear stress between the fluid and the surface of the plate. • For ideal fluid there would be no shear stress and hence no force parallel to the plate Chapter 5: Conservation of Momentum EGGD3109 Fluid Mechanics

  17. Example 1 A flat plate is struck normally by a jet of water 50 mm in diameter with a velocity of 18 m/s. calculate: 1. The force on the plate when it is stationary. 2. The force on the plate when it moves in the same direction as the jet with a velocity of 6m/s Chapter 5: Conservation of Momentum EGGD3109 Fluid Mechanics

  18. Example 2 A jet of water from a fixed nozzle has a diameter d of 25mm and strikes a flat plate at angle u of 30o to the normal to the plate. The velocity of the jet v is 5m/s, and the surface of the plate can be assumed to be frictionless. Calculate the force exerted normal to the plate • if the plate is stationary. • if the plate is moving with velocity u of 2m/s in the same direction as the jet Chapter 5: Conservation of Momentum EGGD3109 Fluid Mechanics

  19. Example 2 Chapter 5: Conservation of Momentum EGGD3109 Fluid Mechanics

  20. Example 2 Chapter 5: Conservation of Momentum EGGD3109 Fluid Mechanics

  21. 5.6 FORCE DUE TO DEFLECTION OFA JET BY A CURVED VANE • Both velocity and momentum are vector quantities • Even if the magnitude of the velocity remains unchanged, a changed in direction of a stream of fluid will give rise to a change of momentum. • If the stream is deflected by a curved vane (entering and leaving tangentially without impact). A force will be exerted between the fluid and the surface of the vane to cause this change in momentum. Chapter 5: Conservation of Momentum EGGD3109 Fluid Mechanics

  22. 5.6 FORCE DUE TO DEFLECTION OFA JET BY A CURVED VANE • It is usually convenient to calculate the components of this force parallel and perpendicular to the direction of the incoming stream • The resultant can be combined to give the magnitude of the resultant force which the vane exerts on the fluid, and equal and opposite reaction of the fluid on the vane. Chapter 5: Conservation of Momentum EGGD3109 Fluid Mechanics

  23. Example 1 A jet of water from a nozzle is deflected through an angle u =60o from its original direction by a curved vane which enters tangentially without shock with mean velocity of 30 m/s and leaves with mean velocity of 25 m/s. If the discharge from the nozzle is 0.8 kg/s. Calculate the magnitude and direction of the resultant force on the vane if the vane is stationary Chapter 5: Conservation of Momentum EGGD3109 Fluid Mechanics

  24. 5.7 FORCE EXERTED ONAPIPE BENDS AND CLOSED CONDUITS Chapter 5: Conservation of Momentum EGGD3109 Fluid Mechanics

  25. Example 1 • A flat plate is struck normally by a jet of water 50mm in diameter with a velocity of 18 m/s. calculate (a) the force on the plate when it is stationary, (b) the force on the plate when it moves in the same direction as the jet with a velocity of 6 m/s, [636.17N, 282.72N] a) b) Chapter 5: Conservation of Momentum EGGD3109 Fluid Mechanics

  26. Example 2 Chapter 5: Conservation of Momentum EGGD3109 Fluid Mechanics

  27. Example 2 FR R Chapter 5: Conservation of Momentum EGGD3109 Fluid Mechanics

  28. Example 3 A jet of water strikes a stationary curved vane without shock and is deflected 150° from its original direction. The discharge from the jet is 0.68 kg/s and the jet velocity is 24 m/s. Assume that there is no reduction of the relative velocity due to friction and determines the magnitude and direction of reaction on vane. R FR Chapter 5: Conservation of Momentum EGGD3109 Fluid Mechanics

  29. Example 4 - Design the following thrust block, where the bearing capacity for the Soil = 50 kpa R Chapter 5: Conservation of Momentum EGGD3109 Fluid Mechanics

  30. Example 4 wy wx Chapter 5: Conservation of Momentum EGGD3109 Fluid Mechanics

  31. 5.8 EULER’S EQUATION OF MOTIONALONGA STREAMLINE It is an equation shows the relationship between velocity, pressure, elevation and density along a streamline Mass per unit time flowing = rAv Rate of increase of momentum from AB to CD (in direction of motion) = rAv [(v+dv) - v]= rAvdv Chapter 5: Conservation of Momentum EGGD3109 Fluid Mechanics

  32. 5.8 EULER’S EQUATION OF MOTIONALONGA STREAMLINE Chapter 5: Conservation of Momentum EGGD3109 Fluid Mechanics

  33. 5.8 EULER’S EQUATION OF MOTIONALONGA STREAMLINE Chapter 5: Conservation of Momentum EGGD3109 Fluid Mechanics

  34. 5.8 EULER’S EQUATION OF MOTIONALONGA STREAMLINE Chapter 5: Conservation of Momentum EGGD3109 Fluid Mechanics

  35. 5.8 EULER’S EQUATION OF MOTIONALONGA STREAMLINE Chapter 5: Conservation of Momentum EGGD3109 Fluid Mechanics

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