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INTRODUCTION

Learn about the study of materials, their compositions, and the changes they undergo. Explore different branches of chemistry and the scientific method. Understand matter, its properties, and classifications. Discover physical and chemical changes, as well as the separation of mixtures. Gain knowledge on measurements and conversions in scientific notation.

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INTRODUCTION

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  1. INTRODUCTION

  2. CHEMISTRY • Is the study of the composition of materials and the changes that these materials undergo • Wood burns • Plants grow • Iron rusts • Bread bakes • Human digestion

  3. Branches of Chemistry • Analytical chemistry • Answers questions about composition (what is the level of lead in that drinking water?) • Physical chemistry • Deals with energy transfers in chemical processes (how much energy is stored in a battery?) • Biochemistry • Deals with the analysis of chemical processes in living things (cellular process such as photosynthesis and respiration) • Organic chemistry • Study of carbon containing molecules (overlap with biochem) • Inorganic chemistry • Study of the chemistry of nonliving things (geological chemistry, the analysis of the rate of corrosion of metals)

  4. The Scientific Method • State the problem • Make observations • Form a hypothesis • Perform an experiment • Variable you change – called the “independent” or “manipulated” variable • Make observations • Variable you observe – called the “dependent” or “responding” variable • Develop a theory (a well-tested explanation for observations) • Continue to experiment • Modify theory as needed • Develop a scientific law (a summary of many observations and experiments)

  5. Chapter 2: Matter & Change • Matter – anything that has mass and volume • _____________________ – require measurements • Mass – amount of matter, measured in grams (g) • Volume – amount of space an object occupies, measured in: • liters (L) • milliliters (ml) • cubic centimeters (cm3) • _________________ – descriptions, not measured • Color, texture, odor, opaque, clear, dense, sound, taste (don’t taste anything in the lab!)

  6. Classification of matter

  7. Matter: Substances and Mixtures • Substances – pure composition • Two types: • __________ – only one kind of atom, such as iron (the symbol is on the periodic chart) • __________ – a combination of atoms, such as iron oxide (which can be separated) • Mixtures – contains 2 or more substances • ______________ – the same throughout; dissolved (saltwater) • ______________ – the sample may different depending where you take it in the container (orange juice with pulp)

  8. States of Matter • Solid- rigid shape, incompressible, fixed volume, usually particles tightly packed and organized) • Liquid- indefinite shape but fixed volume, incompressible, flows, usually less tightly packed than solid (by a few %), less organized • Gas- indefinite shape and volume, flows, particles far away from each other, disorganized, compressible

  9. CHEMICAL REACTIONS • Chemical Reaction • A change in which ________________________________________________________________________ • Reactant • A ___________________________________ • Product • A ___________________________________

  10. Physical Properties and Changes • Physical Property – characteristics that describe a substance • Can be observed without changing the substances composition. • Physical Change – a change that does not affect the composition of the substance • The change may be reversible (melting) or irreversible (tearing)

  11. Recognizing Chemical Changes • You know a chemical change has occurred if: • you see a change in color • there is a change in temperature (hot or cold) • a gas is produced • a solid precipitate is formed • an odor is produced

  12. Separation of a MixtureDifference in physical properties can be used to separate mixtures. • Filtration- separates solid from a liquid (passes through a filter (pores)) • Distillation-liquid is boiled to produce a vapor that is then condensed into a liquid

  13. Law of Conservation of Mass • During any physical or chemical change, the mass of the products is always equal to the mass of the reactants. • MASS is NEITHER CREATED or DESTROYED • Example: making pizza • Physical Change: the mass of the dough + sauce + cheese separately = the mass of all three together • Chemical Change: the mass of the ingredients before it’s cooked = the mass after it’s cooked (as long as it didn’t burn!)

  14. Measurements Three types of measurement • Length: meter (m) • Mass: gram (g) • Volume: Liter (L)

  15. Measurements expressed inSCIENTIFIC NOTATION • The expression of numbers in terms of M x 10n • M ≥ 1.00 and M < 10 • n is an integer Convert to whole numbers • 1 x 103 = _______ • 1 x 102 = _______ • 1 x 101 = _______ • 1 x 100 = _______ • 1 x 10-1 = _______ • 1 x 10-2 = _______ • 1 x 10-3 = _______

  16. TRY THESE • 25,000 • ______________ • 0.00468 • ______________ • 0.0100 • ______________

  17. Metric Conversions Kilo . Hecto . Deka . (unit) . Deci . Centi . Milli … Micro … Nano m g L Write the following in regular notation and scientific notation • How many mm in a m? _____________ • How many cm in a m? _____________ • How many m in a km? _____________

  18. Measurements

  19. ACCURACY/PRECISION • Accuracy • How close a measurement is to the actual value • Precision • How close a set of measurements are to each other

  20. SIGNIFICANT DIGITS or Figures • This is a process used to determine the number of digits to round to when measuring an object. • Use this process when • Measuring mass (on the scale) – g, kg, etc. • Measuring volume (in a graduated cylinder) – ml L, etc. • Measuring length (with a ruler) – cm, m • Is used to communicate to other scientists how accurate your measurement is: • Does your scale measure to the hundredths place, tenths place or whole number? • Referred to as “Sig Figs”

  21. How to determine the number of Sig Figs in a measured value • Atlantic-Pacific Method • A = decimal Absent, begin counting from right • P = decimal Present, begin counting from left • Try these: • 1,000 • 1 sig fig • 0.001 • 1 sig fig • 0.0010 • 2 sig fig • 1000.0 • 5 sig fig

  22. Rules for Using Sig Figs • Multiplication/Division • Do all calculations, then round to the same number of digits as the number with the smallest number of sig figs • 4.56 x 1.4 = 6.384 • Round to 2 sig figs: 6.4 • 8.315/298 = 0.0279027 • Round to 3 sig figs: 0.0279 • Addition/Subtraction • Do the calculations, then round to the place of the number with the smallest number of decimal places • 12.11 + 18.0 + 1.013 = 31.123 • Round to 31.1 • 88.88 – 2.2 = 86.68 • Round to 86.7 (note: if the number after 6 is > 5, round up)

  23. Rules for Using Sig Figs • Multiple step calculations • Use an overbar to keep track of the significant figures from step to step. • Round only when reporting the final answer • Example: 88.88 – 86.662.22 .024977 (calculator 88.88 88.88 answer) • Based on 2.22, round to 3 sig figs • .024977 • If the number after the place you want to round to is > 5, round up (in this case 7). Ignor the other 7. • Answer = .0250 • The zero after the 5 is significant. You must show it! = =

  24. Temperature • Official” unit = Kelvin (K) • Most widely used for measurement = degrees Celsius (ºC) • Temp in Kelvin = ºC + 273 (º C = K -273) • Examples: • ice water = 0 ºC = 273 K • Boiling water = 100 ºC = 373 K • Body temp = 37 ºC = 310 K (about 99 ºF)

  25. DENSITY • Mass • Amount of matter in an object • Volume • Amount of space an object occupies • Density • Mass per unit volume • Percent Error = /theoretical-experimental/ x 100% theoretical

  26. Density Practice A copper penny has mass of 3.1g and volume of 0.35cm3. What is the density of copper?

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