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Endocrine System

Learn how environmental pollutants can interfere with the action of hormones in the Endocrine System, which regulates various body functions including energy use, metabolism, growth, tissue function, and mood. Understand the basic mechanisms of hormone action and the long-term effects on the body. Explore the role of the nervous system in conjunction with the endocrine system and the common endocrine organs and their secreted hormones. Discover the impact of endocrine disruptors and the different types of hormonal control.

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Endocrine System

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  1. Endocrine System

  2. Environmental pollutants can interfere the action of hormones (endocrine disruptors)

  3. The Endocrine System is a system of glands, each of which secretes a type of hormone directly into the bloodstream to regulate the body. • Hormonesare substances (chemical mediators) released from endocrine tissue into the bloodstream where they travel to target tissue and generate a response. • Helps to regulate body’s functions, including : • Energy use • Metabolism • Growth and development • Tissue function • Mood

  4. Hormone/endocrine system - more focus on long term effect to your body - works with nervous system to control/regulate body • Basic mechanism: • Gland release hormone into blood • Hormone binds to receptor protein of target cell • Target cell carries out response • Types of hormones: • Lipid/steroids (non polar molecule) • – bind to intracellular receptors, activate/inhibit genes. • 2) Peptides and amines (a polar molecule) • – typically bind to receptor on plasma membrane, • activating ‘second messenger’

  5. Hunger hormone called GHRELIN hormone

  6. Endocrine system - happens slowly, such as cell growth. Faster processes like breathing and body movement - controlled by the nervous system. Nervous system and endocrine system - work together to help the body function properly. Endocrine organs and secreted hormones Central nervous system Alimentary system Reproductive

  7. Endocrine System Hormones Glands As the body's chemical messengers, hormones transfer information and instructions from one set of cells to another A gland is a group of cells that produces and secretes, or gives off, chemicals. exocrine glands : sweat and salivary glands Hormone levels can be influenced by factors such as stress, infection, and changes in the balance of fluid and minerals in blood Endocrine glands; directly into the bloodstream where they can be transported to cells in other parts of the body.

  8. Central nervous system

  9. Alimentary system

  10. Reproductive

  11. These glands release hormones into the bloodstream, or in some cases into the cell, which then bind to cellular receptors An endocrine disrupting chemical is a chemical that, when absorbed into the body, has the capability of disrupting the organism’s normal functions, through effects on hormone production, transport, or response. common mechanisms of endocrine disruption occurs when the chemical mimicks a steroid hormone’s effect by binding to the receptor for that hormone

  12. Hormones • Chemical messengers • Produced in one part of the body, have an effect on another part • Carried in bloodstream

  13. Chemical Signals

  14. Hormone Activity • Affect only target cells • Hormone must bind to a receptor • Receptor activates chain of events

  15. Endocrine System • Hormonal system of vertebrates • Endocrine glands secrete hormones • Ductless • Empty into bloodstream • Exocrine glands • Secrete products into ducts

  16. Hormone Actions • Affects parts distant from gland • May affect numerous parts of the body • Effects take longer than nervous system • Effects may be long lasting

  17. Types of Hormonal Control • Regulation • Response • Reproduction • Growth & development

  18. Pituitary Hormones

  19. Pineal Gland • Embedded within brain • Produces melatonin • Increase in secretion at night • Helps set circadian rhythms

  20. Thyroid Gland • Below level of voice box • Hormones that regulate metabolism • Most body cells have receptors • Negative feedback loop regulates release

  21. Thyroid Disorders • Graves disease • Hyperthyroidism • Rapid heart rate • Nervousness • Protrusion of eyes

  22. Thyroid Disorders • Goiter • Hypothyroidism • Slow growth • Caused by insufficient iodine in diet • Thyroid enlarges

  23. Parathyroid Gland • Embedded on posterior of thyroid gland • Secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH) • PTH works antagonistically to Calcitonin • Calcitonin produced in Thyroid • Regulate calcium levels

  24. Adrenal Hormones • Adrenal cortex • Corticosteroids • Mineralocorticoids • Glucocorticoids • Adrenal medulla • Cells similar to neurosecretory cells • Epinephrine & norepinephrine

  25. Alarm Reaction to Stress

  26. Pancreas • Endocrine portion in islets of Langerhans • Hormones that regulate levels of glucose

  27. Diabetes • High levels of glucose in blood • Lack of insulin • Inability of tissue to respond to insulin • Two types • Type I = insulin dependent • Pancreas does not produce enough insulin • Type II • Often occurs later in life

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