Chapter 10 Establishing the New Government

1. Chapter 10 Establishing the New Government The inauguration of George Washington as the first President of the United States at Federal Hall, New York, April 30, 1789. First President of the United States. George Washington and his Cabinet. Left to right: Henry Knox, Thomas Jefferson, Edmund Randolph, Alexander Hamilton, and Washington. The tarring and feathering of a tax collector at Pigeon Creek, Washington County, Pennsylvania, during the Whiskey Rebellion in 1794:

2. A Reluctant President George Washington became the first President in 1789. As president, Washington faced difficult tasks both home and abroad. “…so unwilling am I, … to quit a peaceful abode for an ocean of difficulties” Federal Hall Organizing the New Government President George Washington took the oath of office as President on April 30, 1789. New York City became the Nation’s Capital. Washington had to set an example for future generations. Washington had to show precedentas the new President.

3. Washington Selects well known leaders for departments Thomas Jefferson as the Secretary of State Alexander Hamilton as the Secretary of the Treasury. Henry Knox as Secretary of War Edmund Randolph as Attorney General. Thomas Jefferson Alexander Hamilton

4. Constitution called for a Supreme Court Congress had to organize the federal court system. In 1789, Congress passed the Judiciary Act. It called for the Supreme Court to have one Chief Justice and five Associate Justices. The Act also set up courts throughout the country. John Jay - Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1789-1795)

5. Hamilton and the National Debt Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton was in charge of the country’s treasury (or money.) He ran into many problems. The most important problem was the large government debt.

6. The total sum of the money a government owes is called the national debt. The debt was in the from of bonds. The U.S. was in debt because the new government borrowed money to pay for the Revolutionary War, which it had borrowed from foreigngovernments and individuals. The Stategovernments also had large debts.

7. Hamilton’s plan to repay debts. • He wanted to buy up all the old bonds issued before 1789. • Then he planned to sell new bonds to pay off the old debts. • When the economy improved, he would pay off the bonds. Many people opposed his plan, including bankers and investors. James Madisonwas against Hamilton’s plan. Because many southern states had paid off their debts from the Revolution and thought the other states should do the same.

8. Hamilton’s compromise to settle the nation’s debt. He agreed to move the capital to New York to the South, if the southerners supported full payment of the bonds. In 1790, the delegates accepted this compromise and moved the capital in between Maryland and Virginia. They called the new capital, The District of Colombia. Today the capital is called Washington, D.C. President Washington laying the cornerstone of the Capitol in 1793.

9. U.S. NATIONAL DEBT CLOCK • The Debt as of 30 Jan. 2018 at 08:15:15 AM CST is: • The estimated population of the United States is 324,352,551 so each citizen's share of this debt is $65,797 • . The National Debt has a daily interest rate of $2.6 billion per day! Concerned? Then tell Congress and the White House!

10. After solving the national debt, Hamilton took steps to build the nation’s economy. • Hamilton called upon Congress to set up a national bank. • In 1791, congress set up the Bank of the United States. The government deposited the money it collected on taxes in the bank. In turn, they printed up paper money pay bills and make loans. The bank made loans to farmers and business’s to help them expand. • Hamilton wanted to discourage foreign goods being brought into the country so he placed a tax, or tariff on all goods brought into the United States. The First Bank of the United States, in Third Street, Philadelphia.

11. Chapter 10-2 Foreign Relations Creating a Foreign Policy George Washington taking leave of his officers at Fraunces' Tavern, New York City, 1783. FRENCH REVOLUTION, 1789. The Storming of the Bastille, 14 July 1789.

12. Creating a Foreign Policy • Under the Treaty of Paris in 1783, Britain agreed to leave their forts in the Northwest Territory. However, by the 1790s, Britain still had forts in the Ohio Valley. • Britian also encouraged and supported, three Native American tribes, the Miami, Shawnee, and Delaware formed an alliance to resist the takeover of their lands.

13. Conflicts at home and abroad • America and Spain argued over the right for America to use the Mississippi River and port of New Orleans for trade. • Americans trading abroad faced pirates from the Barbary Coast of North Africa. America had to pay pirates tribute (protection money) so that they could sail safely around these waters.

14. Creating a Foreign Policy • Late in 1789, French Ships arrived with terrible news. On July 14, a mob in Paris, France, had destroyed the Bastille, a huge fort that was used as a prison. The attack on Bastille July 14, 1789was the start of the French Revolution

15. Like the Americans the French fought for independence (liberty and equality.) • At First, most Americans supported the French Revolution. They knew what it was to struggle for liberty. • France was America’s first ally in their war against Great Britain. However the Revolution turned more and more violent. The execution of King Louis of France on 21 January 1793

16. The Guillotine A guillotine was used for most executions The execution of Marie Antoinette in Paris, 16 October 1793.

17. France Calls for Aid • In 1793, the new revolutionary government in France found itself at war with Britain and other nations. France now called for the United States to abide by the Treaty of Alliance of 1778. Franklin receives a copy of the Treaty of Alliance in June 1778 from King Louis XVI

18. A Policy of Neutrality • In April 1793, Washington issues the Neutrality Proclamation.It stated that the United States would not support either side in the war. Foreign Policy is the actions that a nation takes in relation to other nations WORLD WAR I CARTOON, c1915

19. The violence in France divided Americans. • Thomas Jefferson condemned the execution of the king and queen of France. However, he felt the French people had the right to use violence to win independence and continued to support the French. Queen of France, The execution of Marie Antoinette in Paris, 16 October 1793. Thomas Jefferson

20. Others Disagree • Hamilton, John Adams and other - Democracy can not be created through widespread violence. John Adamssaid: “Than a snowball can exist in the streets of Philadelphia under a burning sun.”

21. The Genet Affair • Many Americans felt sympathy for the French revolutionaries. Edmond Genet even plotted to ignore Washington’s neutrality order. • The British also seized American ships and impressed, or kidnapped, American sailors to serve in the British navy claiming they were British citizens.

22. Jay’s Treaty • President Washington sent the secretary of the State, John Jay to work out a deal to free American ships. • The deal - British to pay damages for seized American ships. Gave up forts they still had in the Northwest Territory. Americans had to pay any debts long owed to British Merchants. Jay’s Treaty did nothing to protect the rights of the neutral American ships.

23. New Orleans 1850 Agreement with Spain • The Jay Treaty caused Spain to rethink its foreign policy with America. Afraid that America and Britain might work together against Spain. • In 1795, Spanish leaders made a deal with Thomas Pinckney to allow American ships to use the Mississippi River and port of New Orleans. This became known as Pinckney’s Treaty.

24. In saying farewell to the new nation he helped create Washington pointed out that ".......the name of American, which belongs to you, in your national capacity, must always exalt the just pride of Patriotism..." • By 1796, George Washington gave his Farewell Address.He announced that he would retire. He urged that the United States not to get involved with other world affairs or remain neutral. He also called upon Americans not to start political parties and rivalries between Northern and Southern interests in the country. Add to notes

25. Chapter 10-3 Political Parties Emerge

26. The Rise of Political Parties • In 1789, when Washington took office there was no political party. By the time he retired there were two political parties competing for power. • Alexander Hamiltonled a group who supported most decisions by the government called the Federalists. • The Democratic-Republican Party, was led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. A political party is a group of people with similar ideas and beliefs about government.

27. Federal or State Power? • George Washington and Hamilton wanted a strong federal government. • Hamilton thought this was necessary to increase commerce and restrain mob violence.

28. Federal or State Power? • Jeffersonfavored a weak federal government. Jefferson felt that the federal government might take over powers that the Constitution gave to the states. Jefferson believed that stronger state governments would protect individual freedoms. The shield displays a sailing ship (carrying state commerce to all parts of the world), a clay-red plough (signifying rich natural resources), and three sheaves of wheat (suggesting fertile fields and Pennsylvania's wealth of human thought and action).

29. Hamilton’s views on the what was best for the new nation • Hamilton favored manufacturing and trade. He also believed that the wealthy and well-educated should lead the nation. • Hamilton and his supporters were called (5) Federalists.

30. Organization of supporters • The Federalists drew much of their support from wealthy people and those living in big cities such as Philadelphia, Boston, and New York. • Federalists believed in following a loose constructionof the Constitution. merchant

31. Thomas Jefferson’s view on the what was best for the new nation • Jefferson believed that farming was the “backbone” of American society. He also believed ordinary people should have political power. • Those who supported Jefferson were known as Democratic-Republicans and believed in strict construction of the Constitution.

32. Organization of supporters • Democratic-Republicans often shortened their name to Republicans and drew much of their support from laborers and those living in the South. • A champion of the farmer, Thomas Jefferson saw cities as evil, “The mobs of great cities add so much to the support of pure government, as sores do to the strength of the human body.”

33. Political Parties Hit the Presses • Both parties develop their own newspapers. The Federalists’ newpaper, Gazette of the United States, was ran by editor John Fenno. • The Gazette praised Washington’s administration which usually followed Hamilton’s advice.

34. Political Parties Hit the Presses • Thomas Jefferson and James Madison chose Philip Freneau to start a rival newspaper called the National Gazette. • Freneau attacked Hamilton as an enemy of true republican government while praising Jefferson as “that illustrious Patriot, Statesman, and Philospher.”

35. Election of 1796 Jefferson-vs-Adams • The Federalists supported John Adams for President and Thomas Pinckney for Vice President. • Democratic-Republicans supported Thomas Jefferson for President and Aaron Burr for Vice President. • Under the Constitution, the person with the highest number of electoral votes became President. The person with the 2nd highest votes became Vice-President. Vs John Adams Thomas Jefferson

36. Slim Victory • In the election of 1796 – John Adams became the President and Thomas Jefferson became the Vice-President. • Now the President and Vice-President were from different sides and had different political views and soon a distrust between them grew deeper.

37. Chapter 10-4 President John Adams

38. No sooner had Adams taken office….Conflict with France • The French people objected to the Jay Treaty between the United States and Britain. In 1797, French ships began to seize American ships in the West Indies. • To avoid war, Adams sent John Marshall, Charles C. Pinckney, and Elbridge Gerry to France.

39. The XYZ Affair • The French foreign minister, Charles Maurice de Talleyrandwould not deal directly with the Americans but sent three secret agents to offer the Americans a deal. • “You must pay money before we can begin the talks.” de Tallyrand wants $250,000 for himself and a loan of 10 million for France.

40. XYZ Affair – “This was a bribe!” • “This was a bribe!” Replied the American diplomats. • Congress did not want to reveal the names of the three agents, so they were referred to as X, Y and Z. the Paris Monster: an American cartoon of 1798 on the 'XYZ' Affair; the five-man Directory ruling France demands money at dagger's point from the American commisioners.

41. War fever ignited! • Soon the Americans heard about the XYZ Affair in 1798 and were outraged and called for war. • “Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute!”

42. Adams Reaction • In response, Congress quickly voted to strengthen the Army and Navy. • America built frigates - fastest sailing ships with many guns. The American frigate USS Constellation (left) bears down on the L'Insurgente off the island of Nevis in the West Indies on 9 February 1799 during the undeclared war with France: contemporary aquatint.

43. The L'Insurgent (left) hauls down her tricolor and surrenders to the American frigate USS Constellation off of the island of Nevis in the West Indies on 9 February 1799 during the undeclared war with France. Contemporary aquatint.

44. New Power in France • In 1799, Napoleon Bonaparte came to power. Already at war with Britain, Napoleon did not want war with America to and in the Convention of 1800, France and the United States agreed on terms for peace.

45. WASHINGTON‘S DEATH • The death of President George Washington on 14 December 1799.

46. Federalists pass through several laws • During the crisis with France the Federalists passed through three laws collectively known as the Alien Acts. • These acts were supposed to protect the country from foreigners living in the Country.

47. Naturalization Act • Federalists wanted to make citizenship more difficult for newcomers so they increased the time required to become a United States citizen from 5 to 14 years.

48. The Alien Act • The Alien Act allowed the president to deport or expel any alien thought to be dangerous to the country. • Federalists hoped this would silence any French refugees who opposed Federalist calls for war.

49. Alien Enemies Act • The Alien Enemies Act allowed the United States government to arrest and deport all aliens who were citizens of foreign nations at war with the United States.

50. American cartoon, 1798, engraving on the fight in Congress between Roger Griswold (wielding cane) and Matthew Lyon, the most notable victim of the Sedition Act of 1798. Sedition Act • Federalists also passed a law called the Sedition Act that made it a crime to speak or write critically about the federal government or those who ran it.