The U.S. Space-Based PNT Current Program and Future Trends

1. The U.S. Space-Based PNT Current Program and Future Trends Anthony RussoDeputy Director April 23, 2008

2. Introduction • During the past decade, GPS has grown into a global utility providing space-based positioning, navigation and timing (PNT) • Consistent, predictable, dependable policy and performance • Augmentations improve performance • Like the Internet, GPS is a critical component of the global information infrastructure • Scalable applications enabling broad new capabilities • Innovations in efficiency, safety, environmental protection, public security and science

3. ENC-GNSS 04/23/08

4. GNSS is Key to Scientific Monitoringof the Earth To better understand the changes and complex dynamic processes of our home planet

5. Global Positioning System (GPS) • Baseline 24 satellite constellation in Medium Earth Orbit • Global coverage, 24 hours a day, all weather conditions • Satellites broadcast precise time and orbit information on L-band radio frequencies • Two types of signals: • Standard (free of direct user fees) • Precise (U.S. and allied military) • Three segments: • Space • Ground control • User equipment

6. GPS Constellation 31 Operational Satellites As of 1 Apr 2008 (Baseline Constellation: 24) • 13 Block IIA satellites • 12 Block IIR satellites • 6 Block IIR-M satellite • Transmitting new second civil signal (L2C) • Continuously assessing constellation health to determine launch need • 2 Block IIR(M) satellites remaining • Next launch: June 2008 • Global GPS civil service performance commitment met continuously since December 1993

7. GPS Operational Control Segment (OCS) Alaska England Schriever AFB Colorado S Korea Vandenberg AFB California USNO Cape Canaveral Hawaii Bahrain Kwajalein Ecuador Tahiti Diego Garcia Ascension S Africa Argentina Australia New Zealand Ground Antenna Master Control Station OCS Monitor Station Monitor Station Backup Master Control Station NGA Monitor Station Ground Antenna Future Monitor Station Master Control Station (Schriever AFB)

8. Satellites • Modernized (Block IIR-M) • 2nd civil signal (L2C) • M-Code signals (L1M, L2M) GPS III (Block III) • Increased accuracy • Increased signal strength • Signal integrity • Search and Rescue • Common GalileoOS/GPS (L1C) • Modernized (Block IIF) • 3rd civil signal (L5) • Legacy (Block IIA/IIR) • Basic GPS • C/A civil signal (L1C/A) • Std Pos. Service • Precise Pos. Service • L1 & L2 P(Y) nav Control Systems Legacy • TT&C • L1 & L2 monitoring Upgraded (AEP) • IIR-M IIF TT&C • WAGE, AII, LADO • New MCS/AMCS OCX Block 1(Modernized) • New Architecture • L2C, L5, M-Code • Flex Power OCX Block 2C2 • L1C OCX Block 3/4) • Spot Beam • Mission Planning • Near-real Time Command and Control User Equipment Legacy • Man Pack • MAGR, PLGR • RCVR-3A, 3S • OH, UH • FRPA, CRPA Upgraded • DAGR • CSEL • GAS-1 • MAGR2K • GB-GRAM Modernized • MUE • MSR All Segment – GPS Modernization

9. GPS Modernization – the Future • Second civil signal “L2C” • Designed to meet commercial needs • Higher accuracy through ionospheric correction • Began with GPS Block IIR-M in Sep 2005; 24 satellites: ~2014 • Third civil signal “L5” • Designed to meet demanding requirements for transportation safety-of-life • Uses highly protected Aeronautical Radio Navigation Service (ARNS) band • Begins with GPS Block IIF • 1st launch: ~2008(GPS IIR-M Demo);~2009(GPS IIF); 24 satellites: ~2016 • Fourth civil signal “L1C” • Designed with international partners for GNSS interoperability • Begins with GPS Block III • First launch: ~2014; 24 satellites: ~2021

10. Continuous Performance Improvement Key measures of effectiveness to evaluate GPS services • Accuracy • Bounded inaccuracy • Assured availability • Integrity • Resistance to RF interference/jamming Accuracy Performance Standard Decreasing range error Year

11. WAAS Architecture 38 Reference Stations 3 Master Stations 4 Signal Generator System/ Ground Earth Stations 2 Geostationary Satellite Links 2 Operational Control Centers

12. Intelsat 133°W Telesat 107°W GEO Satellite Improvements • IOC WAAS (Commissioned system) utilized two Inmarsat satellites • Provided single satellite coverage over the majority of the U.S. • Inmarsat satellites removed from operational WAAS July 2007 • Two replacement satellites launched in 2005 • Intelsat (Galaxy XV) • Operational November 2006 (Datalink Only) • Ranging scheduled operational mid 2008 • Telesat Canada (Anik F1R) • Operational July 2007, for corrections & ranging

13. U.S. Policy History • 1978: First GPS satellite launched • 1983: President offered free civilian GPS access to GPS • 1996: Established joint civil/military GPS management • 1997: Congress passes law providing civil GPS access free of direct user fees • 2000: President set Selective Availability to “Zero” • 2004: President issues U.S. Policy on Space-Based PNT • 2007: President announces Selective Availability eliminated from future GPS III satellites

14. 2004 U.S. Space-Based PNT Policy • No direct user fees for civil GPS services • Open public signal structures for all civil services • Promotes equal access for user equipment manufacture, applications development and value-added services • Encourages open market-driven competition • Encourage use of GPS time, geodesy and signal standards • Promote global compatibility and interoperability of GNSS systems with GPS • Protect the radionavigation spectrum from disruption and interference • Recognition of national and international security issues and protect against misuse

15. 2004 U.S. Space-Based PNT Policy • Recognizes the changing international scene • Other nations are implementing space-based systems that provide PNT services • National Executive Committee for Space-Based PNT • Chaired by Deputy Secretaries of Defense and Transportation • Membership includes: State, Interior, Agriculture, Commerce, Homeland Security, Joint Chiefs of Staff and NASA • Established National Coordination Office with staff from each member agency

16. Defense Transportation State Interior NATIONALEXECUTIVE COMMITTEEFOR SPACE-BASED PNT Executive Steering Group Co-Chairs: Defense, Transportation ADVISORY BOARD Sponsor: NASA Agriculture Commerce NATIONAL COORDINATION OFFICE Host: Commerce Homeland Security Joint Chiefs of Staff NASA GPS International Working Group Chair: State Engineering Forum Co-Chairs: Defense, Transportation U.S. Space-Based PNT Structure WHITE HOUSE Ad HocWorking Groups

17. Key Executive Committee Activities Eight meetings since 2006 • Five-Year National Space-Based PNT Plan • Summarizes EXCOM agency planning for development, acquisition, sustainment and modernization of U.S. space-based PNT systems • Interference Detection and Mitigation Plan • Department of Homeland Security coordinating U.S. capabilities to detect and mitigate sources of interference to GPS and its augmentations • National PNT Architecture • Provides national PNT framework/investment strategy to help guide future PNT system-of-systems investment– 2025 timeframe • International Cooperation and Consultation • Compatibility and interoperability with other foreign systems

18. U.S. Objectives with Other GNSS Service Providers • Ensure compatibility― ability of U.S. and non-U.S. space based PNT services operating separately or together without interfering with each individual service or signal • Radio frequency compatibility • Spectral separation between M code and other signals • Achieve interoperability – ability of civil U.S. and non-U.S. space-based PNT services operating together to provide better user capabilities than by relying on one service or signal • Primary focus on the common L1C and L5 signals Pursue through Bi-lateral and Multi-lateral Cooperation

19. International Committee on GNSS (ICG)and Providers Forum • ICG was established November 2006 • Promote the use of GNSS and its integration into infrastructures, particularly in developing countries and encourage compatibility and interoperability among global and regional systems • Members include: GNSS providers (U.S., EU, Russia, China, India, Japan), international organizations and associations • U.S. to host ICG-3 in Pasadena, Dec 2008 • Providers Forum established at ICG-2, Sep 2007 • Six providers listed above are members • Enables focused discussions on compatibility and interoperability • Consensus reached on the general definitions of compatibility and interoperability - including spectral separation between each system’s authorized service signals and other systems’ signals

20. Summary U.S. Space-based PNT effort progressing well in policy, programs and international outreach • Implementation of 2004 U.S. Policy proceeding well • U.S. space-based PNT system performance continue to imimprove into the future • International cooperation is a top U.S. priority • Actively engaged in multi-lateral/bi-lateral consultations • New GNSS applications emerging As new space-based GNSSs emerge, compatibility and interoperability is the key to “success for all”

21. Web-based Information • PNT.gov established to provide a source for information about U.S. Space Based PNT Program including: • U.S. policy, Executive Committee membership, Advisory Board and frequently asked questions • Announcements about Selective Availability and offer letter to International Civil Aviation Organization • Recent public presentations • GPS.gov established for public information about GPS applications • Available in English, French, Spanish, Arabic and Chinese • Brochures also available in hardcopy upon request • Links to various other Web sites

22. Contact Information Anthony Russo Deputy Director U.S. National Coordination Office Space-Based Positioning, Navigation and Timing 1401 Constitution Ave, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20230-0001 Ph: (202) 482-5809 Fax: (202) 482-4429 Anthony.Russo@pnt.gov This presentation and other GPS information: www.pnt.gov