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Satellite Internet: Bandwidth, Spectrum Allocation, and Lift Capability

Explore the importance of bandwidth, spectrum allocation, and lift capability in satellite internet technology. Learn about solutions, key players, and the challenges of bridging the rural and global internet divide.

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Satellite Internet: Bandwidth, Spectrum Allocation, and Lift Capability

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  1. Satellite InternetIt’s all about Bandwidth, Spectrum Allocation, and Lift Capability…J. Schmalzel, Ph.D., P.E.IEEE Life Fellow

  2. Outline • Motivation • Rural and Global Internet Divide • Solutions • Key Players • The Constellations • Getting From Here to There • Concluding Observations

  3. Motivation Eighth Measuring Broadband America, Fixed Broadband Report (12/2018) [1] • 3-200 Mbps was range of max advertised download speeds • 72 Mbps was median speed received by subscribers of participating ISPs • Most major broadband providers tested, measured download speeds ≥100% of advertised speeds during peak hours (1900-2300 local time). • Fourteen ISPs were evaluated in this report. Of these AT&T, Cincinnati Bell, Frontier and Verizon employed multiple different broadband technologies across the USA. Overall 17 different ISP/technology configurations were evaluated. Out of these only two performed below 90% for actual-to-advertised download speed. • In addition to providing download and upload speed measurements of ISPs, the report also presents a measure of how consistently ISPs provide their advertised speed with the use of the FCC “80/80metric,” which measures the minimum speed that at least 80% of subscribers experience at least 80% of the time over peak periods.

  4. Motivation Internet Speed Test: http://speedtest.att.com/speedtest/ https://www.bandwidthplace.com/ Latency: Transit time of a packet from source to destination (varies with geographic + network distance) Download Speed: Aggregate Mbps of file download Upload Speed: Aggregate Mbps of file upload Example: 22APR2019 @2000 (GMT-5); ISP: Verizon Latency: 19ms Download Speed: 14.18 Mbps Upload Speed: 39.8 Mbps

  5. In-Class Exercise Perform Internet Speed Test: http://speedtest.att.com/speedtest/ https://www.bandwidthplace.com/ Latency: Transit time of a packet from source to destination (varies with geographic + network distance) Download Speed: Aggregate Mbps of file download Upload Speed: Aggregate Mbps of file upload Example: Date/Time/ISP Latency: _____ms Download Speed: ______Mbps Upload Speed: ______Mbps

  6. Motivation Definition of Broadband Internet: (2015) FCC raised the standard for high-speed Internet, voting that only connections with download speeds of ≥ 25 Mbps will qualify as broadband. The previous FCC definition of broadband was a download speed of ≥ 4 Mbps. The change, opposed by ISPs and Republican FCC commissioners, means nearly a fifth of Americans and more than half of those living in rural areas now lack access to high-speed Internet.

  7. Motivation Existing Technologies Delivering Broadband Internet • Digital Subscriber Line (DSL): Asymmetric (ADSL)—higher download than upload; Symmetric (SDSL)—equal up/download speeds. Range from 100 kbps to several Mbps • Cable Modem: 1.5--+50 Mbps • Fiber: 10’s—100’s Mbps • Wireless: Typically local access to Internet service provided by another technology—e.g., distributing Internet over Wi-Fi from a residential Cable Modem • Satellite: 50 kbps – to 40 Mbps • Broadband over Powerlines (BPL): 100’s of kbps

  8. In-Class Exercise Which of the Existing Technologies Delivering Broadband Internet do your currently use and/or formerly used? Include data rates if known. • Digital Subscriber Line (DSL): Asymmetric (ADSL)—higher download than upload; Symmetric (SDSL)—equal up/download speeds. Range from 100 kbps to several Mbps • Cable Modem: 1.5--+50 Mbps • Fiber: 10’s—100’s Mbps • Wireless: Typically local access to Internet service provided by another technology—e.g., distributing Internet over Wi-Fi from a residential Cable Modem • Satellite: 50 kbps – to 40 Mbps • Broadband over Powerlines (BPL): 100’s of kbps

  9. The Rural Internet Divide • American Broadband Initiative (2/2019) [3]: • Streamline Federal permitting processes to make it easier for network builders and service providers to access Federal assets and rights-of-way, reducing the regulatory burden and expediting the deployment of broadband networks. • Leverage Federal assets such as towers, buildings, and land to lower the cost of broadband buildouts and encourage private entities to expand telecommunications infrastructure, especially in rural America. • Maximize the impact of Federal funding to better target areas of need, improve consistency, and provide incentives for State/local policies that efficiently and effectively leverage Federal dollars.

  10. The Rural Internet Divide • Example small rural farm: 400 ac., 100-head cow/calf operation. • 30.798690, -88.982857 • Precision Agriculture [4] • Right applications • Right locations • Right times • Minimize trips around the field, soil compaction, etc. • Reduce fuel, pesticide, herbicide usage John Deere “Green Eggs & Ham” GPS Receiver (top of cab), [4].

  11. The Global Internet Divide Internet Users Per 100 Inhabitants Key: Purple— Developed Green— Global Blue— Developing Source: Wikipedia.org, “Global Internet Usage”

  12. In-Class Exercise • Count the degrees of separation between you as an urban broadband Internet user and someone(s) in rural American w/o broadband Internet access. • Do you know or work with anyone involved in Agriculture? • What Internet access speeds are available to users you identified in 1 and 2? • Repeat 1. for an international Internet user(s). • Repeat 3. for 4.

  13. Technologies to Bring Broadband Internet to the Underserved • Fixed Wireless Internet: Tower-to-Fixed Receiver, 10 Mbps/1 Mbps U/D; 215 GB/mo; $50/mo. (AT&T) • AT&T AirGig: Wireless technique using mm waves guided by power lines. Microcell network offering up to 1 Gbps speeds https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ApPDP_DbGc • NGSO Satellite Constellations: 100’s – 1000 Mbps

  14. Satellites: The Global Internet Solution • Early Internet constellation: Teledesic (McCaw, Gates, Alwaleed bin Talal), 1994-2003 • Ka Band (26.5-40 GHz) • Non-geosynchronous orbit (NGSO) • Originally 840 Sats at 700km—later 288 Sats at 1400km • 12 Orbit planes w/ 24 Sats/plane • Teledesic T1 (“BATSAT”) demonstration satellite launched 1998 • Existing satellite-based Internet provided by satellites in Geo-Synchronous Orbit (GSO) • ViaSat-1 (2011), 140 Gbps • HugesNet Jupiter (2012), EchoStar (2012), 100 Gbps • Challenge: High latency (up to 500ms)

  15. Satellite Internet: The Global Internet Solution • United Nations Register of Objects Launched Into Outer Space: 4,987 • Online Index [5]

  16. In-Class Exercise • Using the UN online satellite database, search for Teledesic T1. Determine as much about it as you can. • As for 1., search the database for MemSat. • As for 1., search the database for ViaSat-1. • …for HughesNet Jupiter • …for any other satellite you are interested in There are many compendiums of satellites on orbit—e.g.,

  17. The Key Satellite Internet Players • The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) • The Federal Communication Commission (FCC) • One-Web • Amazon • Space-X • Boeing • TeleSat • LeoSat • Facebook (“PointView LLC”)

  18. One-Web • Up to 2000 Sats • Feb 2019, Launch of first 6 Sats (ITU Spectrum allocation Use/Lose deadline); Launch vehicle: Soyuz • 1200 km orbit • Near term plans: 20 launches, up to 36 satellites/launch • Virgin Orbit using LauncherOne to loft 2 Sats per launch • 2019: 150 Sats (Note: Will also launch aboard Arienne 6) • 2020: 300 Sats total • 2021: 600 Sats total • Satellite fabrication: Exploration Park, FL (Partnership w/ KSC)

  19. Amazon (“Kuiper Systems”) • Up to 3236 Satellites • 784 in 590km orbits • 1296 in 610km orbits • 1156 in 630km orbits • No FCC Application yet • Partnership with Lockheed-Martin to develop “AWS Ground Stations” • J. Bezos owns “Blue Origin,’ which gives Kuiper Systems potential orbital lift capability

  20. Boeing • Filed with FCC in 2016 • 1396—2956 Satellites • No further movement

  21. TeleSat • 292 Satellites in 1110—1325km orbits LeoSat • 108 Satellites in 1400km orbits

  22. Space-X • 4,425 Total Satellites (some reports much larger) • 1110—1325km • 1583 Sats at 550km

  23. Space-X’s FCC Mar 2018 Issue Full Title: Space Exploration Holdings, LLC, Application for Approval for Orbital Deployment and Operating Authority for the SpaceX NGSO Satellite System Document Type(s): MOO&A Bureau(s): International Description:Authorize Space Exploration Holdings, LLC to construct, deploy, and operate a proposed non-geostationary orbit (NGSO) satellite system comprising 4,425 satellites for the provision of fixed-satellite service (FSS) around the world DA/FCC #: FCC-18-38 File #:SAT-LOA-20161115-00118 FCC Record Citation: 33 FCC Rcd 3391 (4) FCC Record:FCC-18-38A2_Rcd.pdf SUGGESTED READING Subsequent approval for almost 7,518 (Nov 2018) more—a total of 12,000(!)

  24. StarLink [9, 10] • First phase to begin 6/2019 • 1584 Sats, 1500km Altitude • 24 Orbital Planes • 66 Sats per plane • View Sim by Prof. Mark Hadley, Univ. College, UK https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AdKNCBrkZQ4 • LEO decay estimated to require replacement of 20% annually Source: [9]

  25. StarLink Communication Technologies • On-orbit satellite-to-satellite • Laser optical links • Link acquisition and maintenance • Earth Station-to-Satellite • Ka (26.5—40GHz), Ku (12—18GHz), V (40—70GHz) • Uplink: 37.5—42GHz • Downlink: 47.2—51.4GHz • [11] k=1.38E-23 J/K • Spectrum usage: See Slide 36 of [11] Source: [9]

  26. StarLinkComm Technologies • Ground Station-to-Terrestrial infrastructure • Fiber backbone • Individual Base Station • Base Station • Phased-array antenna (e.g., Satixfy [7]) • Capable of tracking multiple satellites • 1 Gbps data rate

  27. Getting There (is Half the Fun!)

  28. Getting There (is Half the Fun!) • µ is Standard Gravitational Parameter, m3/s2 Earth: 3.9860E14 Mars: 4.2828E13 Moon: 4.9049E12 • r is radius between mass, M, and satellite mass, m (Since Me= 5.98E24 kg >> msat, this is a 1-Body case) • T is orbital period (Note: Keppler’s 3d Law solves for elliptic case, a)

  29. Example (Sat Altitude = 1500km)v= 7.1 km/s, T= 7038s • µ is Standard Gravitational Parameter, m3/s2 Earth: 3.9860E14 Mars: 4.2828E13 Moon: 4.9049E12 • r is radius between mass, M, and satellite mass, m (Since Me= 5.98E24 kg >> msat, this is a 1-Body case) • T is orbital period (Note: Keppler’s 3d Law solves for elliptic case, a) Ref: [8]

  30. In-Class Exercise • Calculate velocity and period for the ISS Assume altitude of 400 km v= T= • You have decided to propose a constellation of satellites to orbit Mars to provide Internet to future Martians. What would v and T be for satellites placed in orbit at an altitude of 1500 km? • Your investors want to try the array in Moon orbit first. Recalculate.

  31. Space-X: Falcon (Heavy) • Space-X needs to launch 44 Starlink Satellites/mo for 60 months to maintain FCC spectrum allocation. (In addition to satisfying their other launch customers.) • FCC requires 50% deployment w/in 6 yrs; balance w/in 9 yrs.; waivers possible • Satellite mass: 100-500kg/ea • Space debris concerns: NASA wants >90% deorbit reliability for the constellation

  32. Falcon (Heavy) • 63,800 kg to LEO • April 11, 2019 Launch, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/11/science/falcon-heavy-launch-spacex.html • 1st Stage Landinghttps://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/11/science/falcon-heavy-launch-spacex.html 1:32, 3:35

  33. Cost to Loft 1kg to orbit • ROT: $10,000/lbm $20k/kg • Everyone is trying to lower that cost Homework: What do you estimate Space-X’s mass loft cost to be? What is the impact of reusable boosters? Complete the design of the StarlinkComm System Develop an immersive simulation for Starlink

  34. Thank You! Questions/Discussion

  35. References • FCC Eigth Measuring Broadband America, Fixed Broadband Report, 14 DEC 2018, https://www.fcc.gov/reports-research/reports/measuring-broadband-america/measuring-fixed-broadband-eighth-report • Types of broadband connections, https://www.fcc.gov/general/types-broadband-connections • American Broadband Initiative, https://www.engadget.com/2019/02/13/american-broadband-initiative-rural-internet-us-government/ • Precision Agriculture, https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-history/silicon-revolution/john-deere-and-the-birth-of-precision-agriculture • Online index of orbiting objects, http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/osoindex/search-ng.jspx?lf_id= and https://www.ucsusa.org/nuclear-weapons/space-weapons/satellite-database • One-Web, https://spacenews.com/first-six-oneweb-satellites-launch-on-soyuz-rocket/ • Satixfy phased array antenna, https://spacenews.com/satixfy-prepares-release-of-flat-panel-antennas-this-year/

  36. References… • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_gravitational_parameter • News article about Starlink, https://www.universetoday.com/140539/spacex-gives-more-details-on-how-their-starlink-internet-service-will-work-less-satellites-lower-orbit-shorter-transmission-times-shorter-lifespans/ • More details about Starlink, https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2018/11/spacex-gets-fcc-approval-for-7500-more-broadband-satellites/ • COL J. Keesee, “Satellite Communication,” MIT Open Source Courseware, https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/aeronautics-and-astronautics/16-851-satellite-engineering-fall-2003/lecture-notes/l21satelitecomm2_done.pdf

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