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Students Who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing

Students Who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing. Chapter 8. What are the Terms used to Describe Hearing Problems?. Deaf - refers to members of the Deaf community and Deaf culture

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Students Who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing

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  1. Students Who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing Chapter 8

  2. What are the Terms used to Describe Hearing Problems? • Deaf - refers to members of the Deaf community and Deaf culture • Deaf with a small “d” - refers to people who have significant hearing loss, but are not identified as members of the Deaf community and culture • Hard of Hearing - refers to those with mild to severe hearing losses who probably use speech for communication, will need educational and technological support, and may or may not identify with the Deaf culture • Hearing Impairment - a medical condition which leads to hearing loss – also term used in IDEA 04

  3. What is the History of Hearing Impairments? • Denied legal and human rights as well as education and social interaction • 1500-1600’s - Spanish began teaching deaf individuals to communicate. • 1700s - First free public schools for deaf individuals began in France. • 1864 - A. Lincoln authorizes the National Deaf-Mutes College to grant degrees; the institution later becomes Gallaudet University. • Late 1800s - Oralist movement • 20th Century – Advocacy for protection of individual rights and access to inclusion in schools and communities

  4. What are the Clinical Definitions of Deaf and Hard of Hearing? • Based on type and degree of hearing loss • Decibels (dB) - measures intensity or loudness of sounds • Frequency (Hz) - measures the cycle of sounds per second • Human hearing is between 20 - 20,000 Hz • Most speech occurs between 300-6000 Hz

  5. The Outer, Middle, and Inner Ear (Figure 8.1)

  6. Hearing Loss Expressed in Decibels (Table 8.1)

  7. What are the Types of Hearing Loss? • Sensorineural • Caused by auditory nerve damage • Conductive • Caused with transmission of sounds • Mixed hearing loss • Both conductive and sensorineural

  8. What are the Degrees of Hearing Loss? • Mild to moderate hearing loss = 26 dB -70 dB loss is considered hard of hearing. • Severe to Profound Hearing Loss = loss greater than 70 dB. • Separation of deafindividuals from those who are hard of hearing = 90 dB or greater loss. • How one is able to use residual hearing is important in addition to degree of hearing loss.

  9. What are the Terms used to Described Age of Onset? • Congenital: Hearing loss at birth • Adventitious: Hearing loss acquired after birth • Pre-lingual: Hearing loss prior to development of speech and language • Post-lingual: Hearing loss after the development of speech and language

  10. What is the IDEA 04 Definition? • Deafness means a hearing impairment that is so severe that the child is impaired in processing linguistic information through hearing, with or without amplification, that adversely affects a child’s educational performance. • Hearing impairment means an impairment in hearing, whether permanent or fluctuating, that adversely affects a child’s educational performance but that is not included under the definition of deafness.

  11. What is the Prevalence of Deafness and Hard of Hearing? • .11% of all school-age children in special education • Just over 1 in every 1,000, ages 6-21 years

  12. What are Some Possible Causes of Deafness and Hard of Hearing? • Not always identifiable • Excessive noise • Conductive hearing loss • Abnormality in the pinna or bones in the ear drum • Blockage • Perforated eardrum • Otitis media • Sensorineural Hearing Loss • Genetic causes including Usher Syndrome, Pendred Syndrome, Waardenburg Syndrome • Environmental causes including rubella, viruses

  13. What are Some Possible Characteristics of Deaf Students or those Who are Hard of Hearing?(continued on the next slide) • Cultural Characteristics • The Deaf community is a distinct culture. • Uses ASL as a primary means of communication • Identify themselves as part of the Deaf community • Intellectual Characteristics • No significant differences in perception , learning, and memory between hearing children and those who are deaf

  14. What are Some Possible Characteristics of Deaf Students or those Who are Hard of Hearing? (continued on the next slide) • Academic Characteristics • Achievement scores are lower than for hearing peers, but assessment issues may affect these scores. • Reading comprehension • Written language • Mathematics • Speech and language

  15. What are Some Possible Characteristics of Deaf Students or those Who are Hard of Hearing? (continued) • Speech and Language Characteristics • Spoken language may be delayed. • Can attain intelligible and age-appropriate speech • May have language delays • ASL may be the child’s natural language and may best prepare child for later learning of English language skills • Social/Emotional Characteristics • Social-emotional skill development

  16. How are Students Who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing Identified? • Typically identified by medical professionals • Audiometric evaluation • Speech reception • Speech discrimination • Hearing loss must adversely affect educational performance for IDEA 04 services.

  17. What Do I Teach Students Who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing? • Focus on effective communication • Social interaction • Literacy • Provide authentic experiences • Read aloud or do signed reading • Teach vocabulary and comprehension • Use miscue analysis • Science • Math • Deaf Studies • Transition preparation

  18. How Do I Teach Students Who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing? • Oralism • Speech or lip-reading • Bilingual-biculturalism • ASL • Fingerspelling • Signed Exact English • Cued Speech • Total Communication

  19. What are Considerations for the Instructional Environment? • Identify LRE for each student • Based on communication, language, academic and social needs • General education classroom • Special classes or schools • Use visuals and large-size materials. • Post transition times, rules, and menus • Use graphic organizers

  20. What Types of Instructional Technology Can Be Used? • Hearing aids • FM (or Loop) systems • Cochlear implants • Closed Captioning • Telecommunication Relay System • Fax machines • Instant messaging and email

  21. What Are Some Special Considerations for the General Education Teacher? • Utilize early intervention • Utilize parent/family involvement • Teach self-determination and self-advocacy • Promote socialization through extracurricular activities and social skills • Collaborate • Teach strategies • Set realistic expectations

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